3.0 Natural Objects, Plants, Foods > 3.2 Natural Objects > 3.2.7 Cracks/Chasms/Crevices

#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART

Reconstructed mesoroots below:

This widespread etymon is similar to #665 PTB *kwar HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS (below), in that it typically occurs as the second morpheme in binomes referring to orifices of the body, especially EAR, NOSTRIL, and ANUS; occasionally it occurs in compounds for VAGINA.

This etymon is certainly allofamically related to #387 PTB *s‑kawŋ HOLLOW / HOLLOW OBJECT / HEAD, as in the last syllable of, e.g. Lahu ó‑qō ‘head’ < PLB *bʷu²‑ʔgoŋ².

It is also very possible that it is allofamically related to #3432 PTB *huŋ HOLE. For remarks on velar/laryngeal interchange in TB, see #664 PTB *(h/k)ay VAGINA above.

There are excellent Chinese comparanda: 空 OC *k’ung, GSR #1172h ‘hollow, empty’ and 孔 OC *k’ung, GSR #1174a-b ‘very, greatly; empty’. Another likely Chinese relative is 肛 ‘anus’, Mand. gāng (not in GSR #1172), though this might fit better with #219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK. See ZJH’s discussion, below.

It is often difficult to distinguish reflexes of this etymon from those of #665 PTB *kwar HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS, especially with respect to Loloish and Qiangic. More than one allofam are evidently involved; cf. e.g. Lahu qhɔ ‘inside; hole’ ⪤ qō ‘hollow object’.

rnanalysislgidreflexglossgfnlanguagegrpidgrpnogrpgeneticcitationsrcabbrsrcidrn
77091820168kjongwinside / house*Sino-Tibetan10Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)0Coblin 86WSC-SH980
515052820,8202012guŋ ⪤ kuŋhollow / hole / empty*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5920
79023803,820185na kuːŋnostril*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0French 83WTF-PNN5270
152795m,820285pà-kocut a hole into (coconut)Apatani731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
1550912070,820285rù-kóholeApatani731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
156212m,820285ú-kómake holeApatani731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
155094m,820334uŋ-koːholeBengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
340147m,820,m1800lom-kũ-ã:contain (particle meaning inside)Darang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Anonymous xx TarNEFA-Taraon0
341009m,8201800lom◦kũinside (box, etc.)Darang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Anonymous xx TarNEFA-Taraon0
381812m,8201818lɯm⁵⁵koŋ⁵⁵insiden/advDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.220
182992m,820509lɯm⁵⁵koŋ⁵⁵insideDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.490
3818138201819goŋ³⁵insiden/advKaman [Miju]61.1.2Deng1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.230
183017820592goŋ³⁵insideKaman [Miju]61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.480
183018m,820662lɯm⁵⁵koŋ⁵⁵insideIdu61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.500
381815m,8201821lum⁵⁵koŋ³⁵insiden/advYidu61.1.2Deng1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.250
165422811,8201347nu◦kongearRongmei / Nruanghmei641.3.3Zeme Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
2405388201041hang◦baemptyMeithei131.4Meithei1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
168896811,8201041na◦kongearMeithei131.4Meithei1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
115091811,8201042nâ◦kôngearMeithei131.4Meithei1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
10456811,820,805,5721040na◦koŋ nəp◦thiearwaxMeithei131.4Meithei1Singh 91 MeiQCYS-Meithei3.6.60
78739820161koːŋempty*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1French 83WTF-PNN4820
240517820429kong◦büemptyChang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
240519820807kiangemptyKonyak851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
2189820,m810goŋ-kaanusKonyak (Tamlu)851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT10
4885138201978goŋ³³emptyPhom851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Burling 98 PhomBP-PPWL0
2405258201281kongemptyPhom851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
119943667,820671jìn-hkūvaginal canalJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
117915807,820671lədî hkūnostrilJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
115135811,m,820671nā ləshîng hkūearholeJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
2191225,219,820667¹daŋ²kaŋ-²khuanusJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT10
350901572,8201851khi gaŋanusnMotuo Menba222.1.2Bodic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0115.070
2188572,8201498khi-gaŋanus ("feces-hole")Tashigang222.1.2Bodic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT10
36165820,s1584kʰoŋ-wəhole (small)Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 AmdoJS-Amdo3670
361648201584kʰəŋholeTibetan (Amdo:Zeku)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 AmdoJS-Amdo3660
12912811,820329na⁵⁵ khõ⁵⁵ear canalTibetan (Batang)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Dai 89 BataDQ-Batang3.6.40
2590208201564khuṅholeTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
379488201575khungholeTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 TbGlJS-Tib3660
37949820,s1575khung.buhole (small)Tibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 TbGlJS-Tib3670
1447268201576kuṅholeTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Matisoff PCPC0
168999682,8201568mig-khuŋeyehole / eye socketTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
115138811,8201568rna-kuṅearholeTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
48304820171ᴮkhuŋhole*TGTM232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
175310820172ᴮkʰuŋhole / pit*TGTM232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 94 TheseMM-Thesis1120
64986820604kʰũqholeGurung (Ghachok)232.1.4Tamangish1Glover 72 GuVoSIL-Gur5.A.620
66346820,m,s604kʰũq tʰõ◦baqbore (hole)Gurung (Ghachok)232.1.4Tamangish1Glover 72 GuVoSIL-Gur8.B.70
117925803,820602nā◦khu̩nostrilGurung (Ghachok)232.1.4Tamangish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
64691803,820604na◦kʰũnostrilGurung (Ghachok)232.1.4Tamangish1Glover 72 GuVoSIL-Gur2.A.240
47974820603²khũholeGurung (Ghachok)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
175308820600²kʰũholeGurung (Ghachok)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 94 TheseMM-Thesis1120
479758201001²humholeManang (Ngawal)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
479768201001²huŋholeManang (Ngawal)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
1753098201003²kʰuŋhole / pitManang (Prakaa)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 94 TheseMM-Thesis1120
207528201002¹kʰuŋhole / pitManang (Prakaa)232.1.4Tamangish1Hoshi 84HM-Prak01330
1233358201464'kʰuŋholeTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu5.670
124371820,m,s1464'kʰuŋ Tʰoŋ-papiercev.Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu17.A.260
124584820,m,s1464'kʰuŋ Tʰoŋ-pabore (a hole)v.Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu20.80
123034803,8201464na.'kʰuŋnostrilTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu2.230
479708201461²khuŋholeTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
1753058201462²kʰuŋholeTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 94 TheseMM-Thesis1120
479728201523²khuŋholeThakali (Marpha)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
1753068201524⁵⁴kʰũŋholeThakali (Marpha)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 94 TheseMM-Thesis1120
1753078201526kʰuŋholeThakali (Syang)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 94 TheseMM-Thesis1120
479738201525ᴴkhũŋholeThakali (Syang)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
47971820,8221529kho◦toŋholeThakali (Tukche)232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 78 TamMM-K78260
68109820,8221531kʰotoŋ tohŋ-ci-wɔperforatedThakali (Tukche)232.1.4Tamangish1Hari 71a ThVoSIL-Thak12.C.350
67742820,8221531kʰo◦toŋholeThakali (Tukche)232.1.4Tamangish1Hari 71a ThVoSIL-Thak5.A.620
67109820,8221531kʰo◦toŋ soh-lɔbore (a hole)Thakali (Tukche)232.1.4Tamangish1Hari 71a ThVoSIL-Thak8.B.70
143425820129goŋheart*Kiranti292.3Kiranti1Michailovsky 91 KrBM-PK7920
51083820327koNmind / insideBantawa762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Rai 85 BnDsNKR-Bant0
143423820324kongmind, insideBantawa762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Michailovsky 91 KrBM-PK7920
79469820328kongheart / centerBantawa762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Rai 84 BnDcWW-Bant350
79609820328kong-da yungsmindBantawa762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Rai 84 BnDcWW-Bant740
143422820424kungheartChamling762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Michailovsky 91 KrBM-PK7920
61069820,690822khu◦lumˍhole (in the ground)Kulung762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Rai 75 KulRPHH-Kul0
143421820544goːheart, mindDumi772.3.3Central Kiranti1Michailovsky 91 KrBM-PK7920
72688820547goːmind, feeling, heart, thoughtDumi772.3.3Central Kiranti1Driem 93 DumiSVD-Dum0
63315820449gʰaŋholeChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 72 CVocSIL-Chep5.A.620
2187265,820442por-ghaŋanus / rectumChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT10
483796265,8201977por.ghaŋanusn.Chepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 00 ChepangRC-DOC0
114790265,820445porʔ ghānganusChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
63816265,820449porʔ-gʰaŋanus / rectumChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 72 CVocSIL-Chep2.A.460
1280801381,820452hluŋ◦(gore)heartChepang (Eastern)282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 90 CheQRC-ChepQ9.30
127894811,820452no◦ghaŋear canalChepang (Eastern)282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 90 CheQRC-ChepQ3.6.40
128096265,820452por◦ghaŋanus / rectumChepang (Eastern)282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 90 CheQRC-ChepQ9.120
66866572,820766'ki◦kũːanus / rectumKham282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Watters 89 KhQDNW-KhamQ2.A.460
114784572,820763ki◦kuanusKham282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
4708998201970kụinner, within, insideTangut [Xixia]333.1Tangut1Li 97 TangutLFW199733720
128701572,820562htʃɛ⁵⁵ ku⁵⁵anus / rectumErsu343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ErsQSHK-ErsCQ0
128740811,820562nɑ⁵⁵ ku⁵⁵earErsu343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ErsQSHK-ErsCQ0
192284811,820561nɑ⁵⁵ku⁵⁵earErsu343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC241.180
381808820,m1813khu³³phu⁵³insiden/advLyuzu343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.180
3818058201810khu²⁴insiden/advMuya343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.150
1829758201136khu³⁵insideMuya [Minyak]343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.150
182977820,m1147qo³³lo³³insideNamuyi343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.190
381836820,m1844quo³³luo³¹insiden/advNamuyi343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.460
3818008201805qhũ⁵⁵insiden/advPumi (Jiulong)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.100
3817998201853khõ⁵⁵insiden/advPumi (Lanping)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.090
1829748201306khõ⁵⁵insidePumi (Qinghua)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.110
1829988201309gõ⁵⁵insidePumi (Taoba)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.100
508460820,8201996kù kúinside (of room)Qiang (Longxi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang10500
508462820,m1996kù lìinside (of thing)Qiang (Longxi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang1050.10
182997820,8201320ku kuinsideQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.80
192279811,8201320nə kuearQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC241.80
195339811,820,14091320nə ku budeaf personQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC301.80
43142811,8201317nə◦kuearQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
198960811,820,m,m1320nə◦ku pa laearringQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC372.80
129168811,8201319nə◦kuə̥earQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ3.60
129174811,820,14091319nə◦kuə̥ budeafQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ3.6.80
129170811,820,m1319nə◦kuə̥ kuəkuinner earQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ3.6.30
129169811,820,m1319nə◦kuə̥ kuəniouter earQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ3.6.20
129172811,820,m,m1319nə◦kuə̥ tsʰæ◦nʂə̥earwaxQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ3.6.60
37581811,8201316nə◦ku̥earQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
37582811,820,m1316nə◦ku̥◦stabaearlobeQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
43053811,820,14091317nə◦ku◦budeaf personQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
59198811,820,14091318nə◦ku◦budeafQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB730
43143811,820,m,m1317nə◦ku◦tsha◦χʂearwaxQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
349152811,8201852ȵə ku̥earnQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0081.080
355501811,820,14091852ȵə ku̥ budeaf personnQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0204.080
369812811,820,m1852ȵə ku̥ pɑlearringsnQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0484.080
507462p,m,811,8201997à dà-nə̀ kɛ́wood ear fungus [grandmother-ear]Qiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang5670
506841811,820,14091997nə̀ kiè búdeaf person [ear-deaf]Qiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang2610
506495811,8201997nə̀ kɛ́earQiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang1070
508459820,8201997qò qóinside (of room)Qiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang10500
182973820,8201323ko⁵⁵ko³³insideQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.90
43294811,8201321ȵi³¹ kie³³earQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
43206811,820,14091321ȵi³¹ kie³³ bu²³¹deaf personQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
192255811,8201323ȵi³¹kie³³earQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC241.90
195315811,820,14091323ȵi³¹kie³³bu²⁴¹deaf personQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC301.90
17850811,8201325ȵu◦kearQiang (Yadu)343.2Qiangic1Dai 89 QianDQ-QiangN107 1
381843820,m1812qhu³³nõ⁵⁵insiden/advXumi343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.170
3818078201812qhũ³⁵insiden/advXumi343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.170
1830038201409qhũ³⁵insideXumi343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.200
130937p,661,820618tə◦stə kuvaginarGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ10.4.10
130608p,661,820,822617tə◦ʃtu kʰuŋ◦duvaginarGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ10.4.10
502445p,8201982ə◦hoŋ⁵³emptyRawang384Nungic1LaPolla 03RJL-Rawang10130
5150538202011guŋ² ⪤ kuŋ²hollow / hole / empty*Lolo-Burmese426.1Lolo-Burmese1Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5920
30831820143kuŋ¹hole in ground / pit*Lolo-Burmese426.1Lolo-Burmese1Matisoff 78 MLBMJAM-MLBM20
38556811,820201na³¹ kɯ³¹earAchang (Lianghe)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang0
3964708201825xoŋ⁵⁵emptyadjAchang (Xiandao)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0985.290
3957828201829kuŋ³¹emptyadjBola (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0985.320
441375803,820398hna-khôŋnoseBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Matisoff 93 PCJAM-II0
438434820406khôŋ-hollow; trough; canoebe v.Burmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD0
438435p,820406ə-khôŋhollow, cavityBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD0
30539p,820399ʔə◦kʰôŋhollow / cavityBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Matisoff 78 MLBMJAM-MLBM30
15647577,820,822886tʃhə̌⁵⁵ khuŋ⁵⁵ tuaŋ³³anus / rectumLashi446.1.1Burmish1Dai 89 LashDQ-Lashi9.120
350927577,820,8221830tʃhə̆⁵⁵khuŋ⁵⁵tuaŋ³³anusnLeqi (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0115.330
12189820152koŋ¹inside house*Loloish456.1.2Loloish1Bradley 79 PLoDB-PLolo8120
9425572,820878tɕʰi²¹ kʰu̪⁵⁵anus / rectumLalo466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 YiCK-YiQ9.120
9311803,809,820,822878ʔnɑ⁵⁵ kʰu̪³³ kʰu̪⁵⁵ du̪⁵⁵nostrilLalo466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 YiCK-YiQ3.5.20
3126968201783gɔ⁵⁵emptyNasu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS21.0
9655572,820,8221148ɬi³³ xo³³ du³³anus / rectumNasu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 YiCK-YiQ9.120
3128998201791go⁵⁵emptyNeisu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS21.0
3120878201163ga²¹emptyNesu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS21.0
3131028201785go²¹emptyNosu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS21.0
3818248201831kɯ³³insiden/advNusu (Central)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.340
335805820,m1220kɯ⁵⁵dɔ³¹insideNusu (Southern)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun J 86 NusuJZ-Nusu0
334901820,m1219kɯ⁵⁵ɑ³¹insideNusu (Northern)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun J 86 NusuJZ-Nusu0
459383p,8201962a⁵⁵go²¹empty; useless (to no purpose)Yi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
459530m,8201962bi⁵⁵go²¹empty; hollowYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
4605898201962go²¹emptyYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
4605948201962go²¹ka³³emptyYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
4618288201962khu³³insideYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
461829820,m1962khu³³ʨo³⁴insideYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
461871820,m1962khu³⁴lu̱³³inside; interiorYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
461868820,m1962khu³⁴tɛ³³inner layer; insideYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
4646511612,820,1612,m1962ʑi⁵⁵khu³³ʑi⁵⁵ɕɿ³³house, inside theYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
183006p,8201663ᴀ⁵⁵kho²¹insideYi (Mojiang)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.260
181704820,8221666khu̪⁵⁵du̪⁵⁵holeYi (Nanjian)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC34.230
3818288201835khɯ¹¹insiden/advYi (Wuding)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.380
3818258201832khu³³insiden/advYi (Xide)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.350
182978820,m1670khu³³tɕo⁴⁴insideYi (Xide)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.210
349188811,8201842na³³ kho⁴⁴earnJinuo476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0081.440
192292811,820696na³³kho⁵⁵earJinuo476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC241.340
14178811,820698na⁴⁴ kʰo⁵⁵earJinuo (Baya/Banai)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Dai 89 JinADQ-JinA1070
14469811,820697n̥a⁴⁴ kʰu⁵⁵earJinuo (Baka)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Dai 89 JinBDQ-JinB1070
41006811,820700n̥ɑ³³ kʰo⁵⁵earJinuo (Youle)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Gai 86JZ-Jinuo0
476499p,8201969a31 khu33caveKucong476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Dai 09 KucongDC-Kucong0
476825p,8201969a31 khɔ33inKucong476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Dai 09 KucongDC-Kucong0
352276486,8201841qhɔ²¹qhɔ³³throatnLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0141.430
3464293581,8201841qhɔ³³qo¹¹cave (mountain)nLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0028.430
3957938201841qɔ⁵³emptyadjLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0985.430
381833p,8201841ɔ³¹qhɔ³³insiden/advLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.430
116145635,820832cì-qhɔgums / tooth-socketLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
117918803,809,820832nā-qhɔ̂-qhɔnostrilLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
192674486,820851qhɔ³³qhɔ³³throatLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC249.330
118650486,820832qhɔ̀ʔ-qhɔthroat / gullet / esophagusLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
114772572,820832qhɛ̂-qhɔanusLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
114671572,820832qhɛ̂-qhɔbuttockLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
114672572,820,1243832qhɛ̂-qhɔ-dìbuttockLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
114673572,820,276832qhɛ̂-qhɔ-pɨbuttockLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
114771572,822,820832qhɛ̂-tû-qhɔanusLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
181658820851qo¹¹caveLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC33.330
621323820831qɔ̂empty, vacant, hollowLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL2530
41508486,820850qʰɔ³¹ qʰɔ³³throatLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chang 86JZ-Lahu0
181709p,820851ɔ²¹qhɔ³³holeLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC34.330
182984p,820,m851ɔ³¹qhɔ³³phɔ³³insideLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.330
305355450,820835ɔ̀-qʰɔhole in ground / pitLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 78 MLBMJAM-MLBM20
416613361,820856qɔ³¹ qʰɔ³³throatLahu (Yellow)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chang 86JZ-Lahu0
301965p,820,m,m856ɔ²qhɔ¹te¹phv̩³insideLahu (Yellow)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chang 86JZ-Lahu0
346479p,8201838e⁵⁵khu³³cave / holenLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0029.400
182981p,820942e⁵⁵khu³¹insideLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.270
181706p,820942e⁵⁵khu⁴⁴holeLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC34.270
284714572,820943hchi⁵-hku⁴anusLisu (Central)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Fraser 22JF-HLL0
114773572,820925hhi⁵-hku⁴anusLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
274351p,820946ji⁵⁵khu²¹sphere; range; inner; insideNLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
274352p,820,p,m946ji⁵⁵khu²¹ ji⁵⁵ba²¹inside and outsideLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
274354p,820,m946ji⁵⁵khu²¹kwa³³inside; amongLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
274346m,820946ji⁵⁵khu³³cave; cavity; tunnelNLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
276510m,m,820946khaʔ²¹bæʔ²¹khu³³oral cavity; inside the mouthLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
276661572,820946khi²¹khu³³anusLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
350934572,8201838khi³¹khu̱³³anusnLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0115.400
277399m,m,m,820946lɔ³³hɤ²¹ tʃhu³³khu³³lime-kiln; cave dwellingLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
277975m,820946mi³³khu³³trench; cellar; caveLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
115137811,812,820925na¹-paw³ hku⁴earholeLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
278428m,820946næ⁵⁵khu²¹insideNLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
278429m,820,m946næ⁵⁵khu²¹kwa³³within; insideLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
284965m,820943rgha¹-hku⁴caveLisu (Central)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Fraser 22JF-HLL0
273904661,820946tɔ⁵⁵khu³³vagina; orificeNLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
2740262166,820946ɣa⁵⁵khu²¹rock caveLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
2740252166,820946ɣa⁵⁵khu³³stone cave; hole in rockLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
2740242166,m,820946ɣa⁵⁵tɕi³³khu²¹cave; stone caveLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
346426m,8201838ɣɑ⁵⁵khu³¹cave (mountain)nLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0028.400
181655m,m,820942ɣɑ⁵⁵tʃhi⁴⁴khu³¹caveLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC33.270
3818298201836kɯ⁴⁴insiden/advYi (Sani)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.390
3116818201786qo²¹emptySani [Nyi]476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS21.0
3957898201836qo¹¹emptyadjYi (Sani)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0985.390
1340988201299khúholeHani (Pijo)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL5540
181682m,820,m,820418mi⁵⁵khu⁵⁵; ɔ³¹khu⁵⁵caveHani (Caiyuan)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC33.300
183008p,820,m,m418ɔ³¹khu⁵⁵le⁵⁵a³³insideHani (Caiyuan)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.300
137920p,8201299ɔ̀ khúholeHani (Pijo)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL5540
137919p,820784à khúholeHani (Khatu)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL5540
134097820784khúholeHani (Khatu)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL5540
346481m,8201840tɔ⁵⁵khu⁵⁵cave / holenHani (Mojiang)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0029.420
146333p,8201117ʔɑ²-kʰuŋ²cavity / hollow (as in tree / rock)Mpi486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Matisoff 78 MLBMJAM-MLBM30
30534p,8201117ʔɑ²-kʰuŋ⁶hole in ground / pitMpi486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Matisoff 78 MLBMJAM-MLBM20
436750p,8201120ʔɑ²khuŋ²hole (large) in a treeMpi486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Srinuan 76SD-MPD0
436752p,8201120ʔɑ²khuŋ⁶hole (in the ground) / pitMpi486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Srinuan 76SD-MPD0
436753p,820,m1120ʔɑ²khuŋ⁶a²insideMpi486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Srinuan 76SD-MPD0
173002545,8201618nɪ́ kɔŋpenis holeUgong486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Bradley 93 UgoDB-Ugong0
1730063431,8201618sɛŋ kɔŋvaginaUgong486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Bradley 93 UgoDB-Ugong10.4.10
172996576,8201618ʔé̩ŋ kɔŋanus / rectumUgong486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Bradley 93 UgoDB-Ugong9.120
523706p,8202020i³³kɯ⁴⁴insideAzha756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL11160
518936p,8202016ɑ̠²³kʰɔ³³insidePhola756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL11160
522558p,8202019ɛ³³kə⁵⁵insideHlepho Phowa756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL11160
532961p,8202062i³⁵ kʰo³¹insidePhu Kha756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Fried 00 PhuKhaRF-PK0
520144p,8202017i³³kʰɯ³³insidePhuza756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL11160
516763820,m1999ku˥lu˥inside, withinLaze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze115230
516327m,m,820,m1999ku˧pie˥ ku˥lu˥inside of the mouthLaze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze12810
5162551269,8201999læ˩qʰɔ˩cave, cavernLaze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze1810
516317803,809,8201999njɤ˧gɤ˥ qʰɔ˥nostrilLaze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze12640
516399572,8201999qʰæ˥qʰɔ˥anusLaze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze14080
5176208201999qʰɔ˥burrow, hole (dug by hand)n.Laze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze138760
517160820,m1999qʰɔ˥ʈʰv˥bore a hole, punch a holev.Laze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze125000
516284m,8201999ʐɯ˥qʰɔ˥springLaze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze11730
516286m,820,m,m1999ʐɯ˥qʰɔ˥ i˧tsʰi˥spring waterLaze (Xiangjiao)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze11790
5128221631,8201998dʑi˧qʰv˧wellNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
5128181631,m,8201998dʑi˩pɤ˩qʰv˩˧springNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
5128191631,m,m,8201998dʑi˩pɤ˩tv˩qʰv˧˩springNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
513199820,m1998ko˧lo˩inside, withinNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
5137928201998qʰv˧hole; burrowNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
513797820,m1998qʰv˧dʑi˥$hole, cavity (e.g. mouse hole)Na (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
512538m,8201998æ˩qʰv˧˩cave, cavern (difficult to enter, or too small for a person to enter)Na (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
513655m,8201998ŋwæ˧qʰv˧oven to make bricksNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
513581803,8201998ɲi˧qʰv˧nostril; nasal mucus, snotNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
514340m,m,8201998ʈʂʰv˧ɻ˧qʰv#˥ant nestNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
5133622083,8201998ɬi˧qʰv#˥auditory canalNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
513861m,8201998ɻ˧qʰv˧warm springsNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
513909m,8201998ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧cave, cavernNa (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
513910m,820,m1998ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧dʑi˧cave, cavern (with broad opening; easy to get in)Na (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
181681m,820908a³¹kho³³caveNaxi (Lijiang)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC33.280
1811201631,820908dze³³kho³³wellNaxi (Lijiang)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC22.280
3467991631,8201843dʑi²¹kho³³wellnNaxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0035.450
3475201631,8201843dʑi²¹kho³³spring (water)nNaxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0049.450
1810441631,8201676dʑi³³khəɹ³³pondNaxi (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC21.290
1810951631,8201676dʑi³³khəɹ³³wellNaxi (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC22.290
3464848201843kho³³cave / holenNaxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0029.450
3468518201843kho³³pitnNaxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0036.450
181732820,690908kho³³lo³³holeNaxi (Lijiang)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC34.280
181656820,m1676khəɹ³³ɬo¹³caveNaxi (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC33.290
181171m,820908ləɹ³¹kho³³spring (water)Naxi (Lijiang)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC23.280
181707m,8201676tv³³khəɹ³³holeNaxi (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC34.290
350939572,8201843tɕhɚ³³kho³³anusnNaxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0115.450
377866m,m,8201843tɕy³³khɯ²¹kho³³trap / pitfallnNaxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0639.450
346431m,8201843æ²¹kho³³cave (mountain)nNaxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0028.450
167085811,820413nɛ-kúearnBwe507Karenic1Henderson 97 KarEJAH-BKD0
6807811,820414nɛ²ku¹earBwe (Western)507Karenic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT9310
161492811,820415nɛ²ku¹earBwe (Western)507Karenic1Luce 85GHL-PPBG.450
6805811,820412nɛ̀-kúearBwe507Karenic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT9310
161493811,820588ñĩ²gu²earGeba507Karenic1Luce 85GHL-PPBG.450
497667811,8201981nā◦kúearNKayan (Pekon)507Karenic1Manson 10 KayanKM-Kayan0
161488811,8201280nɑ⁴◦[ku⁵]earPwo (Tenasserim)507Karenic1Luce 85GHL-PPBG.450
182985820,m,m314khɯ³¹mi⁵³no³³insideBai (Dali)518Bai1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.350
3818388201846khə²¹insiden/advBai (Jianchuan)518Bai1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0715.480
183011820,m317khɯ³¹no³³insideBai (Jianchuan)518Bai1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC59.360
311418820481kʼung/kʼunghollow; emptyChinese (Old/Mid)539.0.1Old Chinese0Karlgren 57 GSRGSR1172h0
311419820481kʼung/kʼung:very, greatly; emptyChinese (Old/Mid)539.0.1Old Chinese0Karlgren 57 GSRGSR1174a0
144727811,8201009ěr-kǒngearholeChinese (Mandarin)559.0.3Modern Chinese0Matisoff PCPC0
1447258201009kǒngholeChinese (Mandarin)559.0.3Modern Chinese0Matisoff PCPC0
36976820,8221011kuung◦duhngholeChinese (Mandarin)559.0.3Modern Chinese0Sun J 85 ChGlJS-Ch3660
36977m,8201011shaau◦kuunghole (small)Chinese (Mandarin)559.0.3Modern Chinese0Sun J 85 ChGlJS-Ch3670

Chinese comparanda

空 OC *kʼung GSR #1172h ‘hollow, empty’; Li 1971: *khung; Baxter:1992:771 *khong; Mand. kōng.

孔 OC *kʼung, GSR #1174a ‘very, greatly; empty’; Li 1971: *khungx; Baxter 1992: *khongʔ; Mand. kǒng.

This OC-PTB comparison is long-recognized. See for example Simon 1929, Gong 1995 #75, Coblin 1986:71.

The Chinese forms are a perfect match for the TB reconstruction. For another example of this final correspondence, cf. #3447 PTB *(t/d)uŋ*(t/d)waŋ MIDDLE / NAVEL. On the aspiration mismatch in the initial corresponce, see the discussion under #1654 PTB *pu EGG.

The two Chinese forms are clearly etymological doublets. Schuessler (2007:335) speculates that 孔 kǒng may be an ‘endoactive’ derivation meaning ‘hole’, from 空 kōng ‘hollow, empty’, lit. ‘that which is hollow, empty’.

肛 OC (see below) ‘lower intestines/anus’, GSR: not in #1172; Mand. gāng.

This word is not attested until the Middle Chinese period. The Old Chinese reconstruction would be *krung (Li)/*krong (Baxter) if we assume membership in GSR #1172; however, it is possible that the Old Chinese source is *krong (Li)/*krung (Baxter), and that the phonetic element of the character was chosen after the merger of these two OC finals. (The Mandarin pronunciation of 肛 gāng is irregular; we would expect jiāng.)

Schuessler (2007:251) suggests a comparison with WT gźaŋ ‘anus’; however, the vowel correspondence is not good (unless a late borrowing is involved). It is certainly possible that this word is in the same family as 空 kōng and 孔 kǒng, although the function of *‑r‑ is not clear.
[ZJH]


^ 1.
Note the radical reduction of Qiang k.