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The various components of the male genitalia show semantic associations with a number of other bodyparts, as well as with a wide range of objects in other semantic fields. Some of these associations are widespread or universal in the world’s languages; others seem more idiosyncratic to ST or the SEA’n linguistic area.
Among the universal semantic associations we may list the following:
(1) PENIS ⟷ TAIL: The English word penis itself is from Lat. pēnis ‘tail’ (cf. also Fr. queue < Lat. cauda ‘tail’), among countless other examples. The widespread TB etymon for TAIL #1288 PTB *r‑may ⪤ *m‑ray *may ⪤ *mey ⪤ *mi (cf. also Chinese 尾 OC *mi̯wər) has similar associations, e.g. Jingpho mài, ǹ‑mài ‘tail; a euphemistic name for the male private parts’ (Hanson 1906/1954, p. 400).
(2) PENIS ⟷ BANANA: This connection is made explicitly in Kokborok tʰa‑li (see #1284 PTB *m‑ley ⪤ *m‑li PENIS below) and in Newar mwā‑e ‘banana; penis’.
(3) GLANS PENIS ⟷ PENIS + HEAD: This is a universal association (cf. WT mje‑mgo; Lahu nī‑ó‑qō; Lisu (Northern) ɔ⁵⁵dy³³ ‘head’, hɔ̃²¹ɔ⁵⁵dy³³ ‘penis’; Yakha tu◦khəruk ‘head’, liː◦goː u◦tu◦kəruk ‘glans’; Qiang (Mawo) qə̥ pætʂ ‘head’, li◦qə̥ pætʂ ‘glans’; Eng. dick-head).
(4) TESTICLE ⟷ EGG: This is also a universal association (cf. e.g. Russian jajtsy ‘eggs; testicles’, Hebrew beytsim ‘id.’). The same etymon may have some reflexes meaning EGG and others meaning TESTICLE. Several TB etyma showing this association have been treated above under EGG (Chapter 1.9.1); others will be treated below in this chapter. Alternatively a language may have a compound word for TESTICLE of the structure PENIS + EGG.
(5) TESTICLE ⟷ FRUIT / BALL / ROUNDED OBJECT: TB compounds for TESTICLE frequently take the form PENIS + FRUIT/ROUND OBJECT, e.g. Lahu nī‑šī ‘testicle’ (2nd syll. < #1019 PTB *sey FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT).1
Cf. also Newar kwaa‑si ‘testicles’ (lit. “hot-fruit”), reminiscent of the vulgar English simile “hot as balls”.
(6) TESTICLE ⟷ STONE: Also a widespread association in the world’s languages, including archaic English slang. In TB, cf. formations like Monpa khong‑lung ‘testicle’ (lung ‘stone’).
(7) SCROTUM ⟷ BASKET / BAG / POUCH / NEST: This obvious association occurs in Lat. scrōtum < scrautum ‘leather pouch for arrows’, and is also found in TB, e.g. Lahu nī‑sī‑phɨ ‘scrotum’, phɨ ‘nest; receptacle’ < #1611 PTB *kʷəy NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA. Cf. also #3471 PTB *s‑blwaŋ SCROTUM / POUCH / MALE (of animals), #643 PTB *ʔip ⪤ *ʔiːt BAG / SCROTUM.
(8) SEMEN ⟷ PENIS + LIQUID: Cf. Nesu le̱ṟ³³ ʑʅ²¹ and Noesu ɬu⁵⁵ʑi²¹, where the second element < #1013 PTB *rəy WATER / LIQUID / BODILY FLUID, and WB lî‑rañ.
Semantic associations that seem more peculiar to the SEA’n linguistic area include the following:
(9) PENIS ⟷ VAGINA: Many etyma have some reflexes which refer to the male organ, but others which refer to the female counterpart, a phenomenon that has been dubbed ‘genital flipflop’ (see chapter note under VAGINA). Etyma like this should perhaps be assigned the gender-neutral gloss GENITALS at the proto-level. Several have been treated under VAGINA (Chapter 1.9.5, above); others will be treated below in this chapter.
(10) PENIS ⟷ BODY + TONGUE: Cf. Garo maŋ‑sre ‘penis’ < #17 PTB *s‑maŋ BODY / CORPSE + #623 PTB *s/m‑l(y)a‑t *s‑lya TONGUE. This form was cited in Benedict 1979:24.
(11) TESTICLE ⟷ SEED: Cf. WB lî‑ce’, lit. “penis-seed”.
(12) GLANS ⟷ NOTCH: Cf. WB lî‑thac ‘corona glandis’, lit. “penis-notch”, and Lahu nī‑qhɛ̀ʔ ‘penis’, where the second syllable means ‘notch (as a stick); chip; break off a piece’.
(13) GLANS ⟷ BUD: Cf. WB lî‑ŋum ‘glans’, lit. “penis-bud”.
(14) GLANS ⟷ TURTLE: While Latin glāns means ‘acorn’, Mandarin guī‑tóu ‘glans penis’ means literally “turtle-head”. (For obvious reasons, this formation is especially appropriate for the uncircumcised organ.) The data is so far insufficient to establish whether this same metaphor occurs in TB languages.
(15) SEMEN ⟷ SHIT: A few languages associate semen with SHIT / BODY DIRT / EXCRETION. Cf. Lahu nī‑qhɛ̂ “penis-shit”, Chepang təyŋ‑kliʔ ‘id.’, and Bantawa lü‑khü‑wa (khü ‘stool, excreta’). In Jingpho ne³¹khji⁵⁵, however, this combination of morphemes means SMEGMA.
(16) SEMEN ⟷ FAT: Cf. Lahu nī‑chu ‘semen’ (lit. “penis-fat”).
Few monomorphemic etyma are reconstructible for SEMEN, with three possibilities offered below in Chapter 1.9.9: #1614 PTB *(r/w)a SEMEN, #1627 PTB *ŋya SEMEN, and #3486 PKC *(ɓ/p)oo SPERM / SEMEN.
Words for FORESKIN/PREPUCE, naturally enough, are compounds of PENIS + SKIN (see Chapter 1.6.5).
Expressions for COPULATE frequently involve PENIS plus a verb. See Chapter 1.9.8.
tag | num_recs | chaptertitle | chapter | sequence | protoform | protogloss | grpid | plg | grpno | notes | num_notes | num_comparanda | status | public | username |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1285 | 0 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 114.0 | m-(l/n)ey ⪤ m-li | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | PAF | 2 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
1284 | 141 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 114.1 | m-ley ⪤ m-li | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | STC#262 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
545 | 65 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 114.2 | m-ney | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
1283 | 64 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 115.0 | m-yaŋ | PENIS / TESTICLE / STINGER (of bee) | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1638? | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
3420 | 20 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 116.1 | k-tu-k | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | cf. 661 *s-tu VAGINA; 641? | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
3423 | 3 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 116.2 | tsu | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | ("Him") Cf. Spiti forms. Distinct from *k-tu 3420 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
641 | 64 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 117.0 | ti-k | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 2 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
1601 | 14 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 118.0 | dzi | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
3425 | 16 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 119.0 | m-bay | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
3426 | 4 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 120.0 | pwat | PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | ("Jg/Lu") Attested in Jg. and Kadu | 2 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
3492 | 3 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 121.0 | pwak | SCROTUM | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 2 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
3421 | 9 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 122.0 | tyaŋ | PENIS / CLITORIS / LONG | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
547 | 175 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 123.0 | maːk | SON-IN-LAW / GENITALS / PENIS / MALE / VAGINA | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | STC#324 | 2 | 1 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
548 | 54 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 124.0 | s-nyak ⪤ s-nik | PENIS / COPULATE | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 2 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
1638 | 16 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 125.0 | b/m-laŋ | PENIS / MALE / HUSBAND | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | cf. GSR 887l "male"; 1283? | 3 | 2 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
1637 | 14 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 126.0 | gaŋ | PENIS / MALE | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | cf. GSR 697f "bull" | 3 | 2 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
1640 | 9 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 127.0 | s-kyu | MALE / PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
642 | 23 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 128.0 | səw-t | TESTICLES / PENIS / VIRILITY / SEMEN | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
1286 | 25 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 129.0 | r-lik | TESTICLE / EGG / PENIS | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
3439 | 19 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 130.0 | syan | TESTICLE / EGG | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
3471 | 27 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 131.0 | s-blwaŋ | SCROTUM / POUCH / MALE (of animals) | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | not related to 1638 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
685 | 27 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 132.0 | s-mu | SEED / TESTICLE / ROUND OBJECT | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
3559 | 137 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 133.0 | dzəy | SEED / TESTICLE / ROUND OBJECT | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 2 | 1 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
1110 | 49 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 134.0 | ka | BALL / EGG / TESTICLE / EYEBALL | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 2 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
1617 | 24 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 135.0 | kuk | POUCH / BASKET / SCROTUM | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | STC#393, WTF-PNN p. 454, HPTB | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
643 | 17 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 136.0 | ʔip ⪤ ʔiːt | BAG / SCROTUM | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | cf. HPTB p.533 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
1624 | 65 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 137.0 | la | MALE | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | STC p.96; possibly related to 1639,1634? | 2 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |
796 | 12 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 138.0 | m-(t/d)un | FOREPART / FORESKIN | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt | |
3590 | 37 | Penis | 1.9.7 | 139.0 | tsyaŋ | ROUND OBJECT / SEED / NUT / TESTICLE | 2 | PTB | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | KEEP | 1 | stedt |