STEDT Etymon #2596
6.0 Verbs of Motion, of Manipulation, and of Production > 6.5 Fighting
#2596 PTB *g-raːl ⪤ *g-ran ⪤ *ray ENEMY / FIGHT / QUARREL / STRIFE / SWORD / WAR |
Tibetan has evidence for both the ‑l and ‑n finals.
This root is quite possibly related to #5531 PTB *d‑gra STRANGER / ENEMY; this open-syllable variant is also attested directly in Tibetan.
Written Burmese rây ‘brave’ is a possible doublet of ran ‘quarrel’.
| rn | analysis | lgid | reflex | gloss | gfn | language | grpid | grpno | grp | genetic | citation | srcabbr | srcid | rn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19622 | 2596 | 174 | (g-)|rɑl | fight / quarrel / war | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Chou 72 | ACST | 147r | 0 | |
| 515735 | 2596,2596,2596 | 2012 | g-raːl| ⪤ g-ran| ⪤ ray | enemy / fight / quarrel / strife / sword / war | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 609 | 0 | |
| 30485 | 2596,2596,2596 | 177 | g-|raːl ⪤ ran ⪤ ray | war / strife | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 283136 | 2596 | 173 | rol | enemy | *Tani | 5 | 1.1.1 | Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 HCST | JS-HCST | 127 | 0 | |
| 173456 | m,2596 | 1252 | mi-rol | enemy | Padam [Abor] | 74 | 1.1.1.2 | Eastern Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 HCST | JS-HCST | 0 | ||
| 669 | m,2596 | 1070 | ma-rol | enemy | Milang | 74 | 1.1.1.2 | Eastern Tani | 1 | Tayeng 76 Mil | AT-MPB | 0 | ||
| 500968 | 2596 | 1920 | raal | ENEMY / BATTLE / WAR | *Chin | 8 | 1.2 | Kuki-Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 | |
| 500954 | 2596,m | 1920 | raal-phraa | BRAVE / FEARLESS | *Chin | 8 | 1.2 | Kuki-Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 923 | 0 | |
| 446190 | 2596 | 1926 | gáal | enemy, battle, rival, war | Thado | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 | |
| 446189 | 2596,m | 1925 | gaːl² te¹ | enemy | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 | |
| 446191 | 2596 | 1928 | ga | enemy | Cho (Mindat) | 69 | 1.2.1.2 | Southern Plains Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 | |
| 446192 | 2596 | 1929 | tváay | war, fight | Khumi | 69 | 1.2.1.2 | Southern Plains Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 | |
| 446186 | 2596 | 1947 | râal | enemy, battle | Lai (Hakha) | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 | |
| 446187 | 2596 | 1923 | rǎal | enemy, battle | Lai (Falam) | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 | |
| 446129 | 2596,m,m | 1947 | râal-thrǎa-I, -thrat-II | brave, fearless | be v. | Lai (Hakha) | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 923 | 0 |
| 446130 | 2596,m,m | 1923 | rǎal-thràa-I, -thràt-II | brave | be v. | Lai (Falam) | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 923 | 0 |
| 303767 | 2596 | 984 | ra:l | war against, warrior | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 71n220 | 0 | |
| 446188 | 2596 | 1924 | ráal | enemy, the foe (in warfare) | n | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 |
| 30119 | 2596 | 979 | raːl | war against, warrior | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 313679 | 2596 | 1779 | raːl | at war | be v. | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Bhaskararao 96 CDB | PB-CLDB | 324 | 0 |
| 446185 | m,2596 | 1921 | chā-rìa | at war | be v. | Lakher [Mara] | 71 | 1.2.3 | Maraic | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 937 | 0 |
| 446128 | 2596,m | 1921 | rìa-pha | brave, fearless | be v. | Lakher [Mara] | 71 | 1.2.3 | Maraic | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 923 | 0 |
| 254307 | 2596 | 1019 | ral | enemy | Maring | 11 | 1.3 | “Naga” Areal Group | 0 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252345 | p,2596 | 270 | a◦rür | war | Ao (Chungli) | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252347 | p,2596 | 273 | a◦ri | war | Ao (Mongsen: Longchang) | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 621556 | p,2596 | 2247 | o¹-rəʔ³ | enemy | n. | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Bruhn 14 SuppCN | DWB-CNSD | 0 | |
| 241205 | p,2596 | 963 | o◦rrü | fight | v | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | |
| 252350 | p,2596 | 963 | o◦rrü | war | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 254304 | p,2596 | 963 | o◦rrü | enemy | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 254315 | 2596,s | 1364 | ro◦rü | enemy | Sangtam | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 254319 | p,2596,m | 1672 | thü◦ri◦ri | enemy | Yimchungrü | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252365 | p,2596,m | 1672 | th◦ri◦tsü | war | Yimchungrü | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 303769 | p,2596 | 264 | te-hrə | war | Angami Naga | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 71n220 | 0 | |
| 252343 | p,2596 | 252 | the◦rhü | war | Angami (Khonoma) | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252344 | p,2596 | 254 | te◦rhü | war | Angami (Kohima) | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252354 | 2596 | 1347 | rih | war | Rongmei / Nruanghmei | 64 | 1.3.3 | Zeme Group | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252366 | p,2596 | 1694 | he◦rei | war | Zeme | 64 | 1.3.3 | Zeme Group | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252352 | p,2596 | 1137 | he◦reu | war | Mzieme | 64 | 1.3.3 | Zeme Group | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 528939 | 2596 | 2031 | raal | enemy / war | *Tangkhulic | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Mortensen 12 Tk | DRM-Tk | 503 | 0 | |
| 30123 | 2596 | 1473 | rai | war; battle; feud | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 30124 | 2596,m | 1473 | rai kapiŋa | warrior | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 30125 | 2596,m | 1473 | rai khaŋarar | warfare; make war | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 30126 | 2596,1002 | 1473 | rai-mi | soldier; military | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 250239 | 2596,m | 1471 | rai◦khai | sword | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252361 | 2596,m | 1471 | rai◦khangarar | war | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 306923 | 2596 | 1470 | ray | war | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Bhat 69 TNV | Bhat-TNV | 100 | 0 | |
| 620856 | 2596 | 2024 | rɯe | war | Tusom | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Mortensen 12 Tk | DRM-Tk | Implements.046 | 0 | |
| 525802 | 2596 | 2025 | raj | war | Ukhrul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Mortensen 12 Tk | DRM-Tk | 0 | ||
| 252372 | 2596 | 1041 | lal | war | Meithei | 13 | 1.4 | Meithei | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 254326 | 2596 | 1041 | lal | enemy | Meithei | 13 | 1.4 | Meithei | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 79308 | 2596 | 161 | ral | war | *Northern Naga | 12 | 1.7.2 | Northern Naga/Konyakian | 1 | French 83 | WTF-PNN | 575 | 0 | |
| 78742 | 2596 | 161 | rəl | enemy | *Northern Naga | 12 | 1.7.2 | Northern Naga/Konyakian | 1 | French 83 | WTF-PNN | 483 | 0 | |
| 252353 | 2596 | 1188 | ran | war | Nocte | 84 | 1.7.2.1 | Tangsa-Nocte | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 252363 | 2596 | 1628 | ran | war | Wancho | 85 | 1.7.2.2 | Konyak-Chang | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 304266 | 2596,s | 1578 | ḥgran-pa | fight, contend with | Tibetan (Written) | 24 | 2.1.2.1 | Tibetan | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 113n318 | 0 | |
| 303030 | 2596,s | 1578 | ḥgran-pa | fight | Tibetan (Written) | 24 | 2.1.2.1 | Tibetan | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 15n53 | 0 | |
| 250253 | 2596,m | 1564 | ral-gri | sword | Tibetan (Written) | 24 | 2.1.2.1 | Tibetan | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 30118 | 2596,m | 1569 | ral-gri | sword | Tibetan (Written) | 24 | 2.1.2.1 | Tibetan | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 303031 | 2596,m | 1578 | ral-gri | sword | Tibetan (Written) | 24 | 2.1.2.1 | Tibetan | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 15n53 | 0 | |
| 303765 | 2596,m | 1578 | ral-gri | sword | Tibetan (Written) | 24 | 2.1.2.1 | Tibetan | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 71n220 | 0 | |
| 30120 | 2596 | 397 | ran | quarrel | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 | |
| 439022 | 2596 | 406 | ran | quarrel, enmity | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 76 WBur | PKB-WBRD | 0 | ||
| 304267 | 2596 | 409 | ran | quarrel | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 113n318 | 0 | |
| 303050 | 2596 | 409 | ran | quarrel | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 15n54(b) | 0 | |
| 303766 | 2596 | 409 | ran | quarrel | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 71n220 | 0 | |
| 247399 | 2596,m | 392 | ran◦twe | quarrel | v | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | |
| 20233 | 2596,2596 | 480 | t̑i̯ɑn/tśi̯ɑ̈n | battle / fight | v. | Chinese (Old/Mid) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Chou 72 | ACST | 147r | 0 |
| 30121 | 2596 | 474 | t̂i̯an | battle; fight | v. | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 149 | 0 |
Cf. comparanda for #5570 PTB *dar ⪤ *d(u/i)r TREMBLE / SHIVER (fear, cold) and for #5531 PTB *d‑gra STRANGER / ENEMY.
Also see #701 PTB *gyat HERO / CHAMPION.
傑 OC *g’i̯ɑt, GSR #284b; B & S 2011: *N‑k‹r›at {N‑[k]‹r›at}; Mand. jié. S313