1.0 The Body > 1.6 Diffuse Organs > 1.6.5 Skin

#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) SKIN

Reconstructed mesoroots below:

Like other roots reconstructed with *pʷ‑, the reflexes of this etymon vary between labial stops and w‑, v‑, or zero initial.1 This root also shows the widespread Tibeto-Burman patterns of variation between medial ‑i‑ and ‑u‑, and between final ‑l and ‑n.

A key doublet justifying this reconstruction are the Lushai (Mizo) forms pil and vun, both cited in Marrison 1967:233.

The Sunwar forms with initial s‑ and final ‑l ('ku‑sul ‘skin’, 'sul‑cā ‘feel (by touch)’, krusul ‘bark (of tree)’, kusul 'u:‑cā ‘skin’) might also be related, if we assume an intermediate form like **s‑wul. Cf. also French’s (1983) Proto-Northern-Naga reconstructions *wur SKIN and *swun FLESH.

rnanalysislgidreflexglossgfnlanguagegrpidgrpnogrpgeneticcitationsrcabbrsrcidrn
515672591,5912012pun ⪤ pinskin*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB6070
515707591,5912012pʷul ⪤ pʷilskin*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB6080
516113591,5912012wul ⪤ wunskin*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB6190
5147065912012ʔulskin*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5830
283375591173pɯnskinn*Tani51.1.1Tani1Sun J 93 HCSTJS-HCST3660
174271p,591333a-pinskinnBengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 HCSTJS-HCST0
158811p,591334a-pinskinBengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
158817p,591,6297334a-pin diskinv.Bengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
158610p,591,6598334a-pin si-|pɯsheepskin boatBengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
1510682658,591334siŋ-pinbarkBengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
1572332658,591,586,m334siŋ-pin kuk-linpeel (e.g. bark)Bengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
1572372658,591,586,m334siŋ-pin kuk-luːpeel and fall offBengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
151067p,2658,p,591334ɯ-siŋ a-pinbarkBengni731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
403418p,5911820(a◦pin)dɯshell (peanuts)vBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1143.240
358838p,5911820a pinskinnBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0265.240
155257p,m,p,591365a-mə a-pinhuskBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
174272p,591360a-pinskinnBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 HCSTJS-HCST0
158812p,591365a-pinskinBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
3555681425,5911820dum pinbaldheadnBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0205.240
153695682,591365mik-pineyelidBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
151071p,2658,p,591365ɯ-sɯŋ ə-pinbarknBokar731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
193550p,591368a pinskinBokar Lhoba731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC266.510
41315p,591366a◦pinhide, leatherBokar Lhoba731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun H 80 MLDSLZO-MLD0
41375p,591366a◦pinskinBokar Lhoba731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun H 80 MLDSLZO-MLD0
41333682,591366mik◦pineyelidBokar Lhoba731.1.1.1Western Tani1Sun H 80 MLDSLZO-MLD0
44249p,591564a◦pinskinGalo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Das Gupta 63 GalKDG-IGL0
442051425,388,p,591564dum◦po-a◦pinscalpGalo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Das Gupta 63 GalKDG-IGL0
494393p,5911979`a◦pinskinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
491625m,5911979`bin◦pingoatskinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4937532796,5911979`buu◦pinratskinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4892786293,5911979`dum◦pinbarking deer skinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
490544m,6293,p,5911979`ho◦dum-`a◦pindeerskinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
492765m,5911979`ho◦pinmithun skinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
490891m,m,m,5911979`ho◦tə-`tə◦pinelephant skinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4907231764,5911979`kii◦pindogskinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
495217m,5911979`men◦pintiger skinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4931822595,5911979`ram◦pinotter skinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4899201606,5911979`rok◦pinchicken skinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4933976019,5911979`rək◦pinpigskinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4893442777,5911979`tum◦pinbearskinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
490333p,5911979`ə◦pincowhiden.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
492359p,5911979`ə◦pinleathern.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4952162618,5911979`ɲo◦pintiger skinn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
4943952618,5911979`ɲo◦pinskin (tiger)n.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
491073682,5911979`ɲɨk◦pineyelidn.Galo731.1.1.1Western Tani1Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09GLDC-GED0
22521p,5911078e◦pinbarkMiri, Hill731.1.1.1Western Tani1Simon 76 MiriIMS-HMLG0
223632658,p,5911078sɤn-e◦pinbarkMiri, Hill731.1.1.1Western Tani1Simon 76 MiriIMS-HMLG0
326827p,5911792a◦pinskinNishing731.1.1.1Western Tani1Das Gupta 69 DafKDG-Daf0
45927p,5911444a◦pinskinTagin731.1.1.1Western Tani1Das Gupta 83 TagKDG-Tag0
45928p,5911444a◦pinbark (of plant)Tagin731.1.1.1Western Tani1Das Gupta 83 TagKDG-Tag0
45918p,5911444a◦pɯnskinTagin731.1.1.1Western Tani1Das Gupta 83 TagKDG-Tag0
152347682,591,m498mik pin-laclose (eye)Damu741.1.1.2Eastern Tani1Sun J 93 TaniJS-Tani0
568p,5911070a◦panskinMilang741.1.1.2Eastern Tani1Tayeng 76 MilAT-MPB0
355p,5911070a◦panskin covering the helmetMilang741.1.1.2Eastern Tani1Tayeng 76 MilAT-MPB0
39859682,591590min⁵⁵ uŋ³⁵eyelidKaman [Miju]61.1.2Deng1Sun H 80 MLDSLZO-MLD0
39897591590uŋ³⁵skinKaman [Miju]61.1.2Deng1Sun H 80 MLDSLZO-MLD0
3511785911819uŋ³⁵skinnKaman [Miju]61.1.2Deng1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0120.230
193574591592uŋ³⁵skinKaman [Miju]61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC266.480
5012005911920wunSKIN / LEATHERn*Chin81.2Kuki-Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
119439591455vunskinChinbok81.2Kuki-Chin1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
5239495912035unskinKhoibu81.2Kuki-Chin1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
3427375911802vunskinKuki-Chin681.2.1.1Northern Chin1Haokip 98Qbp-KC8.20
3427515911802vunhide / leather (dried animal skin)Kuki-Chin681.2.1.1Northern Chin1Haokip 98Qbp-KC8.2.60
447310p,5911927a vunskin, leatherSizang681.2.1.1Northern Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
4473095911926vûnskin (generic)Thado681.2.1.1Northern Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
2931725911509vúnskinThado681.2.1.1Northern Chin1Thirumalai 72THI1972470
11944234,5911593sa-vunskinTiddim681.2.1.1Northern Chin1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
4473085911925vun¹skin, leather (hide)Tiddim681.2.1.1Northern Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
3156125911778vun¹skinTiddim681.2.1.1Northern Chin1Bhaskararao 96 CDBPB-CLDB19690
447313p,5911948u-ünˊˊskinAsho691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
4493015911957wïnskinChinbon691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL990
4473115911928vunskin (living being only)Cho (Mindat)691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
4473125911949wúnskinDaai691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
4482515911953wúnskinDaai691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL990
4495825911958vinskinMatu691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL990
4490595911956vïnskinMkaang691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL990
4487965911955vïnskinNgmüün691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL990
4485365911954wunskinNyhmoye691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL990
4473055911947vûnskinLai (Hakha)701.2.2Central Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
4473065911923vúnskinLai (Falam)701.2.2Central Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
115446682,591978mit-vuneyelidLushai [Mizo]701.2.2Central Chin1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
499518591976pilskinLushai [Mizo]701.2.2Central Chin1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL2330
171310591976vunskinLushai [Mizo]701.2.2Central Chin1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL2330
119407591978vunskinLushai [Mizo]701.2.2Central Chin1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
4473075911924vǔnskinLushai [Mizo]701.2.2Central Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
3156115911779vunskinLushai [Mizo]701.2.2Central Chin1Bhaskararao 96 CDBPB-CLDB19690
115444682,591871mo-voeyelidLakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
44730434,5911921sā-vóskin, hide, leatherLakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC11690
11940634,591871sah-voskinLakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
119405591871voskinLakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
1182801283,591871za-voforeskin ("penis-skin")Lakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
1182931283,591,m871za-vo-taicircumcisionLakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
1317691283,591805ǰəŋ vunforeskin ("penis-skin")Kom Rem721.2.4“Old Kuki”0Toba 91 KRQT-KomRQ10.3.30
1314661221,591805lu vunscalpKom Rem721.2.4“Old Kuki”0Toba 91 KRQT-KomRQ2.80
131474682,591805mit vuneyelidKom Rem721.2.4“Old Kuki”0Toba 91 KRQT-KomRQ3.4.10
131710p,591805sə◦vunhide / leather (dried animal skin)Kom Rem721.2.4“Old Kuki”0Toba 91 KRQT-KomRQ8.2.60
131694591805vunskinKom Rem721.2.4“Old Kuki”0Toba 91 KRQT-KomRQ8.20
1503935911112vinskinMoyon721.2.4“Old Kuki”0Kosha 90DK-Moyon8.20
171294591,5911019un, wunskinMaring111.3“Naga” Areal Group0Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
5239485912034wunskinMaring111.3“Naga” Areal Group0Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
1712985911301munskinPuiron641.3.3Zeme Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL 2
5289425912031holskin / bark*Tangkhulic661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk5060
526408m,5912029a-hulskinChamphung661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
525242m,5912023ʔa-hɐŋskin; scales (of fish)Huishu661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkBodyParts.0290
526226m,5912026o-hoiskinTankghul (Central)661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
526288m,5912027a-hɯskinTangkhul (Northern)661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
526349m,5912028a-huiskinTangkhul (Standard)661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
620740m,5912024ʔɯ-xuiskinTusom661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkBodyParts.2290
525887m,5912025sa-hujanimal skinUkhrul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk0
1061834,5911040sə◦unhide / leatherMeithei131.4Meithei1Singh 91 MeiQCYS-Meithei8.2.60
1194125911042ulskinMeithei131.4Meithei1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
171311591,591,341041un, un◦saskinMeithei131.4Meithei1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
10604591,341040un◦saskinMeithei131.4Meithei1Singh 91 MeiQCYS-Meithei8.20
78601p,591161C̬-swuncalf (of leg)*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1French 83WTF-PNN4660
78787591161swunflesh*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1French 83WTF-PNN4890
148741591161swunflesh*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1French 83WTF-PNNp. 4890
79170591161wurskin / flesh*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1French 83WTF-PNN5490
77909811,5911192na vanearlobeNocte841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1French 83WTF-PNN4800
78301811,5911192na wanlobe of the earNocte841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1French 83WTF-PNN5490
77821375,5911107ya vuincalf (of leg)Tangsa (Moshang)841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1French 83WTF-PNN4660
77984375,5911107ya vuincalfTangsa (Moshang)841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1French 83WTF-PNN4890
165309375,5911489ya◦vuincalf (of leg)Tangsa (Moshang)841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
77822375,591435you šancalf (of leg)Chang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1French 83WTF-PNN4660
77985375,591435you šancalfChang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1French 83WTF-PNN4890
77823375,591435you šuncalf (of leg)Chang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1French 83WTF-PNN4660
165295375,591429you◦shancalf (of leg)Chang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
5503375,591428yʌ́u-šóncalf (leg)Chang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT5460
32182545,591676nèʔ-ūmforeskin / prepuceJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Matisoff 74 TJLBJAM-TJLB126 3
119389591724phonskinKaike222.1.2Bodic1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
119396589,5911437'ku-sulskinSunwar302.3.4Western Kiranti1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
262607591,m1433'sul-cāfeel (by touch)vSunwar302.3.4Western Kiranti1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN02b1.510
268916m,5911433kru◦sulbark (of tree)nSunwar302.3.4Western Kiranti1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN01.0270
271296589,591,m,m1433ku◦sul 'u:-cāskinvSunwar302.3.4Western Kiranti1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN03b.310
1173562099,591445narʔ◦punlipChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
634732099,591449nərʔ◦punlipChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 72 CVocSIL-Chep2.A.250
119394591445punskinChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
4836995911977punskin, bark, outer covering (natural)n.Chepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 00 ChepangRC-DOC0
64006591449punskinChepang282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 72 CVocSIL-Chep1.280
127866682,591452mik◦puneyelidChepang (Eastern)282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 90 CheQRC-ChepQ3.4.10
1279242099,591452nərʔ◦punlipChepang (Eastern)282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 90 CheQRC-ChepQ3.90
128042591452punskinChepang (Eastern)282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Caughley 90 CheQRC-ChepQ8.20
119388591,589,m763ol-ko-tāskinKham282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
12806591,589,m766ol◦ko◦taskinKham282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Watters 89 KhQDNW-KhamQ1.280
351163591,5901852ʴuɛ piɛskinnQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0120.080
130223591,m616wu scçonblemish on skinrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ8.2.30
130220591,m,596616wu◦ʃan◦dʐiskinrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ8.20
3588345911816pɯn⁵⁵skinnDulong384Nungic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0265.200
11940334,5911603šia⁴² pun⁴⁴skinTrung [Dulong]384Nungic1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
193573p,591537ɑŋ³¹pɯ̆n⁵⁵skinTrung [Dulong]384Nungic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC266.460
40063p,591538ɑŋ³¹ pɯ̆n⁵⁵skinTrung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)384Nungic1Sun H 82 DulJZ-Dulong0
4000634,591538ɕɑ⁵⁵ pɯn⁵⁵leather, hideTrung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)384Nungic1Sun H 82 DulJZ-Dulong0
40255p,591540ɑŋ³¹ pin⁵³skinTrung [Dulong] (Nujiang)384Nungic1Sun H 82 DulJZ-Dulong0

^ 1.
See Matisoff 2000, “An Extrusional Approach to *p‑/w‑ Variation in Sino-Tibetan.”
^ 2.
Rare nasal reflex of #591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) SKIN labial initial.
^ 3.
Final nasal in Jingpho ‑ūm perhaps result of assimilation to preceding round vowel.