STEDT Etymon #504

1.0 The Body > 1.3 Mouth and Throat > 1.3.4 Tooth > 1.3.4.3 Gums

As STC surmises (note 58, p. 16), this root is very likely connected with #2499 PTB *r‑ni RED, so that the original meaning seems to have been “tooth-redness”.

The *m‑ prefix (attested in Paangkua, Moyon, Angami) seems to be secondary in this root. This is reminiscent of the development of prefixal r‑ in Jingpho, which has regularly become a syllabic nasal. See STC:109-110 and HPTB:129.

A few languages (Kanauri, Written Tibetan) have developed an s‑ prefix, which is clearly a reduction of #632 PTB *s/p‑wa TOOTH. The WT forms so‑rnyil and snyil illustrate this prefixization process.

rn	analysis	lgid	reflex	gloss	gfn	language	grpid	grpno	grp	genetic	citation	srcabbr	srcid	rn
77005	504	168	rnyil/snyil	gums		*Sino-Tibetan	1	0	Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	90	0
7523	504	175	r-\|ni(y)	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
7522	504	175	r-\|nil	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
77008	504,504	183	r-\|nil ~ s-\|nil	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	90	0
71951	504,504	182	r-\|nil⪤s-\|nil	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
515553	504	2012	r/\|s-\|ni-\|l	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Matisoff 03 HPTB	JAM-HPTB	604	0
515555	504	2012	r/\|s-\|nil	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Matisoff 03 HPTB	JAM-HPTB	604	0
19823	504	174	s-\|nil	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Chou 72	ACST	560j	0
7524	504	175	s-\|nil	gums		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
154729	632,504	365	jiː-ñur	gums		Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani		0
44215	632,504	564	i◦ɲir	gums		Galo	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Das Gupta 63 Gal	KDG-IGL		0
5452	632,504	563	ˆiː-ñɯr	gums		Galo	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	506	0
45884	632,504	1444	i◦nyior	gums		Tagin	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Das Gupta 83 Tag	KDG-Tag		0
3132	632,504	1054	sɪ́i-nʌ́l	gums		Kaman [Miju]	6	1.1.2	Deng	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
500847	632,504	1920	ha-nii ⪤ -hnii	GUMS		*Chin	8	1.2	Kuki-Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	816	0
342582	632,504	1802	ha◦ni	gums		Kuki-Chin	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	Haokip 98	Qbp-KC	3.7.3	0
445576	632,504	1927	hā nī	gum		Sizang	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	816	0
445575	632,504	1926	hà-nî	gums		Thado	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	816	0
445574	632,504	1925	ha¹ ni¹	gums (of teeth)		Tiddim	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	816	0
445572	632,504	1947	ha-nìi	gums		Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	816	0
164581	632,504	620	ha◦ni¹	gums		Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Luce 85	GHL-PPB	R.84	0
164583	504	620	ni¹	gums		Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Luce 85	GHL-PPB	R.84	0
233524	632,504	982	(háa)◦hnîi	gums		Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Løffler 85 Paa	LL-PRPL		0
6814	632,504	975	hå-hnî	gums		Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	933	0
69221	632,504	984	ha-hni	gums		Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
445573	632,504	1924	háa hnî	gums	n	Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	816	0
233523	632,504	1247	(háa)◦níi	gums		Paangkhua	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Løffler 85 Paa	LL-PRPL		0
3134	504	1244	maniit	gums		Paangkhua	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
116162	632,504	871	ha-hni	gums		Lakher [Mara]	71	1.2.3	Maraic	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
131511	632,504	805	hə mənih	gums		Kom Rem	72	1.2.4	“Old Kuki”	0	Toba 91 KRQ	T-KomRQ	3.7.3	0
150250	504	1112	mʌnə́	gums		Moyon	72	1.2.4	“Old Kuki”	0	Kosha 90	DK-Moyon	3.7.3	0
6815	18,m,504	257	⁵u²me¹nie	gums		Angami Naga	65	1.3.2	Angami-Pochuri Group	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	933	0
6816	p,632,504	1337	¹a¹ha³ni	gums		Rengma (Northern)	65	1.3.2	Angami-Pochuri Group	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	933	0
10462	634,504	1040	ya◦ri	gums		Meithei	13	1.4	Meithei	1	Singh 91 MeiQ	CYS-Meithei	3.7.3	0
69222	632,504	1068	so-ni	gums		Mikir [Karbi]	14	1.5	Mikir [Karbi]	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
164578	504	1122	tăni¹	gums		Mru	15	1.6	Mru	1	Luce 85	GHL-PPB	R.84	0
116159	632,1019,m,504	352	ha◦tay go◦ri	gums		Bodo	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
116171	632,504	709	ha-rni	gums (teeth)		Dimasa	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
69223	632,504	534	ha-rni	gums		Dimasa	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
47682	632,504,m	880	ha◦ru◦gunʔ	gums		Lalung [Tiwa]	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Balawan 65	MB-Lal	28	0
3129	632,504	1187	³pa²hʌn(ʔ)	gums		Nocte	84	1.7.2.1	Tangsa-Nocte	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
3131	504	428	ŋʌ́i	gums		Chang	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
3130	632,504	786	²¹ho̥ᴜ¹²ñaɪ	gums		Khiamngan	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
116165	632,504	671	wa-nin	gums		Jingpho	37	1.7.3.1	Jingpho	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
69229	632,504	685	wa-nin	gums		Jingpho	37	1.7.3.1	Jingpho	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
128192	504	378	ñil	gums		Bunan	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu	SBN-BunQ	3.7.3	0
542152	504	2108	hnil	gums	n.	Byangsi	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Sharma 2003	SRS-TBLUP	634	0
543162	504	2109	nil	gums		Chaudangsi	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Krishan 2003	SK-TBLUP	503	0
544160	504	2110	nil	gums		Darma	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Krishan 2003	SK-TBLUP	524	0
116152	504	732	stil	gums		Kanauri	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
304878	504	736	stil	gums		Kanauri	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Benedict 72 STC	STC	177n471	0
303378	504,504	736	stil / til	gums		Kanauri	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Benedict 72 STC	STC	35n117	0
69227	504,504	736	stil ⪤ til	gums		Kanauri	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
116151	504	732	stilh	gums		Kanauri	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
116154	504	732	til	gums		Kanauri	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
116153	504	732	tilh	gums		Kanauri	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
131268	504	1005	ñil	gums		Pattani [Manchati]	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma	STP-ManQ	3.7.3	0
116170	504	1536	nil	gums (STC)		Thebor	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
69228	504	1539	nil	gums		Thebor	20	2.1.1	Western Himalayish	0	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
126402	632,504	319	sha⁵³ ȵi³⁵	gums		Baima	22	2.1.2	Bodic	1	Sun H 91 Baim	SHK-BaimaQ	3.7.3	0
62013	632,504,3321	1098	sha◦ni◦ring	gums		Tsangla (Central)	22	2.1.2	Bodic	1	Egli-Roduner	SER-HSLT	32 13	0
126965	504	1426	ñil	gums		Spiti	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Bodh 91	CB-SpitiQ	3.7.3	0
116147	504	1568	rnyil	gums		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
76269	504,504,632,504	1580	rnyil ~ snyil ~ so-rnyil	gums		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	90	0
69225	504,504,632,504	1578	rnyil ⪤ snyil ⪤ so-rnyil	gums		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
116148	504	1568	snyil	gums		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
116149	632,504	1568	so-rnyil	gums		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
116157	632,504	894	fo-nyăl	gums		Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
76270	632,504	901	fo-nyǎl ~ fo-nyal	gums		Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	90	0
69226	632,504	900	fo-nyăl ⪤ fo-nyel	gums		Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	3	0
116156	632,504	894	fo-nyel	gums		Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
116155	632,504	894	fo-n̊el	gums		Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
175788	504	172	ᴬŋil	gums		*TGTM	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	208	0
5453	504	1450	ŋilʱ	gums		Tamang	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	506	0
126201	504	1455	³ŋil	gums, palate	n	Tamang (Risiangku)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 91 TamQ	MM-TamRisQ	3.7.3, 13.	0
175786	504	1456	³ŋil	gums / palate		Tamang (Risiangku)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	208	0
175787	504	1467	³nil	gums		Tamang (Taglung)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	208	0
116150	504,1718	913	nen◦dī	gums		Limbu	31	2.3.1	Eastern Kiranti	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety		0
74846	504,1718	911	nEːn◦di	gums		Limbu	31	2.3.1	Eastern Kiranti	1	Michailovsky 89 Lm	BM-Lim		0
3128	504,1718,s	910	[neːn◦diʔ◦ba]	gums		Limbu	31	2.3.1	Eastern Kiranti	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	164	0
127901	504	452	nəl	gums		Chepang (Eastern)	28	2.4	Kham-Magar-Chepang	1	Caughley 90 CheQ	RC-ChepQ	3.7.3	0
128762	632,504,m,m	562	ʂɿ⁵⁵ ȵi⁵⁵ wɑ⁵⁵ zɑ⁵⁵	gums		Ersu	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ErsQ	SHK-ErsCQ		0
128920	635,504	594	hui⁵³ nɛ⁵³	gums		Guiqiong	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 GuiQ	SHK-GuiqQ		1
128421	504	560	rni⁵³	gums		Ergong (Northern)	35	3.3	rGyalrongic	1	Sun H 91 ErNQ	SHK-ErgNQ	3.7.3	0
130706	p,504	618	tə◦rne	gums		rGyalrong (NW)	78	3.3.1	rGyalrong	1	Sun H 91 rNW	SHK-rGNWQ	3.7.3	0
13178	504	370	ŋɛ⁵⁵	gums		Bola	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Dai 89 Bola	DQ-Bola	164	0
15489	504	886	ŋjəŋ³¹	gums		Lashi	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Dai 89 Lash	DQ-Lashi	3.7.3	0
15234	504	1024	ŋan³¹	gums		Maru [Langsu]	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Dai 89 Lang	DQ-Langsu	3.7.3	0
16252	504	1216	ȵɚ³³	gums		Nusu (Central)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Dai 89 NusB	DQ-NusuB	164.	0
16004	504	1218	ȵɚ³⁵	gums		Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Dai 89 NusA	DQ-NusuA	164.	0
9939	504,3321	1667	ni³⁴-lɿ³³	gums		Yi (Xide)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Chen 79 YiCh	CSL-YIzd		0
127467	1723,504	1290	kə◦lin⁵⁵	gums		Côông [Phunoi]	48	6.1.2.3	Southern Loloish	1	Ferlus 91	MF-PhnQ	3.7.3	0
172885	504	1618	ɲɪ̂ŋ	gums		Ugong	48	6.1.2.3	Southern Loloish	1	Bradley 93 Ugo	DB-Ugong	3.7.3	0
6813	632,m,p,504	412	θə-ʔmɛ̀ ə-nì	gums		Bwe	50	7	Karenic	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	933	0
20368	504	480	śi̯ən/śi̯ĕn\|	tooth (base of) (=gums)		Chinese (Old/Mid)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Chou 72	ACST	560j	0
77006	504	478	hnjinx	gums		Chinese (Old)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	90	0

analysis

lgid

reflex

gloss

gfn

language

grpid

grpno

grp

genetic

citation

srcabbr

srcid

77005

504

168

rnyil/snyil

gums

*Sino-Tibetan

Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

7523

504

175

r-|ni(y)

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

7522

504

175

r-|nil

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

77008

504,504

183

r-|nil ~ s-|nil

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

71951

504,504

182

r-|nil⪤s-|nil

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Benedict 72 STC

STC

515553

504

2012

r/|s-|ni-|l

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Matisoff 03 HPTB

JAM-HPTB

604

515555

504

2012

r/|s-|nil

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Matisoff 03 HPTB

JAM-HPTB

604

19823

504

174

s-|nil

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Chou 72

ACST

560j

7524

504

175

s-|nil

gums

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

154729

632,504

365

jiː-ñur

gums

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

44215

632,504

564

i◦ɲir

gums

Galo

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Das Gupta 63 Gal

KDG-IGL

5452

632,504

563

ˆiː-ñɯr

gums

Galo

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

506

45884

632,504

1444

i◦nyior

gums

Tagin

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Das Gupta 83 Tag

KDG-Tag

3132

632,504

1054

sɪ́i-nʌ́l

gums

Kaman [Miju]

1.1.2

Deng

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

500847

632,504

1920

ha-nii ⪤ -hnii

GUMS

*Chin

1.2

Kuki-Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

816

342582

632,504

1802

ha◦ni

gums

Kuki-Chin

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

Haokip 98

Qbp-KC

3.7.3

445576

632,504

1927

hā nī

gum

Sizang

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

816

445575

632,504

1926

hà-nî

gums

Thado

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

816

445574

632,504

1925

ha¹ ni¹

gums (of teeth)

Tiddim

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

816

445572

632,504

1947

ha-nìi

gums

Lai (Hakha)

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

816

164581

632,504

620

ha◦ni¹

gums

Lai (Hakha)

1.2.2

Central Chin

Luce 85

GHL-PPB

R.84

164583

504

620

ni¹

gums

Lai (Hakha)

1.2.2

Central Chin

Luce 85

GHL-PPB

R.84

233524

632,504

982

(háa)◦hnîi

gums

Lushai [Mizo]

1.2.2

Central Chin

Løffler 85 Paa

LL-PRPL

6814

632,504

975

hå-hnî

gums

Lushai [Mizo]

1.2.2

Central Chin

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

933

69221

632,504

984

ha-hni

gums

Lushai [Mizo]

1.2.2

Central Chin

Benedict 72 STC

STC

445573

632,504

1924

háa hnî

gums

Lushai [Mizo]

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

816

233523

632,504

1247

(háa)◦níi

gums

Paangkhua

1.2.2

Central Chin

Løffler 85 Paa

LL-PRPL

3134

504

1244

maniit

gums

Paangkhua

1.2.2

Central Chin

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

116162

632,504

871

ha-hni

gums

Lakher [Mara]

1.2.3

Maraic

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

131511

632,504

805

hə mənih

gums

Kom Rem

1.2.4

“Old Kuki”

Toba 91 KRQ

T-KomRQ

3.7.3

150250

504

1112

mʌnə́

gums

Moyon

1.2.4

“Old Kuki”

Kosha 90

DK-Moyon

3.7.3

6815

18,m,504

257

⁵u²me¹nie

gums

Angami Naga

1.3.2

Angami-Pochuri Group

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

933

6816

p,632,504

1337

¹a¹ha³ni

gums

Rengma (Northern)

1.3.2

Angami-Pochuri Group

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

933

10462

634,504

1040

ya◦ri

gums

Meithei

1.4

Meithei

Singh 91 MeiQ

CYS-Meithei

3.7.3

69222

632,504

1068

so-ni

gums

Mikir [Karbi]

1.5

Mikir [Karbi]

Benedict 72 STC

STC

164578

504

1122

tăni¹

gums

Mru

1.6

Mru

Luce 85

GHL-PPB

R.84

116159

632,1019,m,504

352

ha◦tay go◦ri

gums

Bodo

1.7.1.1

Bodo

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

116171

632,504

709

ha-rni

gums (teeth)

Dimasa

1.7.1.1

Bodo

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

69223

632,504

534

ha-rni

gums

Dimasa

1.7.1.1

Bodo

Benedict 72 STC

STC

47682

632,504,m

880

ha◦ru◦gunʔ

gums

Lalung [Tiwa]

1.7.1.1

Bodo

Balawan 65

MB-Lal

3129

632,504

1187

³pa²hʌn(ʔ)

gums

Nocte

1.7.2.1

Tangsa-Nocte

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

3131

504

428

ŋʌ́i

gums

Chang

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

3130

632,504

786

²¹ho̥ᴜ¹²ñaɪ

gums

Khiamngan

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

116165

632,504

671

wa-nin

gums

Jingpho

1.7.3.1

Jingpho

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

69229

632,504

685

wa-nin

gums

Jingpho

1.7.3.1

Jingpho

Benedict 72 STC

STC

128192

504

378

ñil

gums

Bunan

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu

SBN-BunQ

3.7.3

542152

504

2108

hnil

gums

Byangsi

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Sharma 2003

SRS-TBLUP

634

543162

504

2109

nil

gums

Chaudangsi

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Krishan 2003

SK-TBLUP

503

544160

504

2110

nil

gums

Darma

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Krishan 2003

SK-TBLUP

524

116152

504

732

stil

gums

Kanauri

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

304878

504

736

stil

gums

Kanauri

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Benedict 72 STC

STC

177n471

303378

504,504

736

stil / til

gums

Kanauri

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Benedict 72 STC

STC

35n117

69227

504,504

736

stil ⪤ til

gums

Kanauri

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Benedict 72 STC

STC

116151

504

732

stilh

gums

Kanauri

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

116154

504

732

til

gums

Kanauri

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

116153

504

732

tilh

gums

Kanauri

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

131268

504

1005

ñil

gums

Pattani [Manchati]

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma

STP-ManQ

3.7.3

116170

504

1536

nil

gums (STC)

Thebor

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

69228

504

1539

nil

gums

Thebor

2.1.1

Western Himalayish

Benedict 72 STC

STC

126402

632,504

319

sha⁵³ ȵi³⁵

gums

Baima

2.1.2

Bodic

Sun H 91 Baim

SHK-BaimaQ

3.7.3

62013

632,504,3321

1098

sha◦ni◦ring

gums

Tsangla (Central)

2.1.2

Bodic

Egli-Roduner

SER-HSLT

32 13

126965

504

1426

ñil

gums

Spiti

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Bodh 91

CB-SpitiQ

3.7.3

116147

504

1568

rnyil

gums

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

76269

504,504,632,504

1580

rnyil ~ snyil ~ so-rnyil

gums

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

69225

504,504,632,504

1578

rnyil ⪤ snyil ⪤ so-rnyil

gums

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Benedict 72 STC

STC

116148

504

1568

snyil

gums

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

116149

632,504

1568

so-rnyil

gums

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

116157

632,504

894

fo-nyăl

gums

Lepcha

2.1.3

Lepcha

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

76270

632,504

901

fo-nyǎl ~ fo-nyal

gums

Lepcha

2.1.3

Lepcha

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

69226

632,504

900

fo-nyăl ⪤ fo-nyel

gums

Lepcha

2.1.3

Lepcha

Benedict 72 STC

STC

116156

632,504

894

fo-nyel

gums

Lepcha

2.1.3

Lepcha

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

116155

632,504

894

fo-n̊el

gums

Lepcha

2.1.3

Lepcha

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

175788

504

172

ᴬŋil

gums

*TGTM

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

208

5453

504

1450

ŋilʱ

gums

Tamang

2.1.4

Tamangish

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

506

126201

504

1455

³ŋil

gums, palate

Tamang (Risiangku)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 91 TamQ

MM-TamRisQ

3.7.3, 13.

175786

504

1456

³ŋil

gums / palate

Tamang (Risiangku)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

208

175787

504

1467

³nil

gums

Tamang (Taglung)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

208

116150

504,1718

913

nen◦dī

gums

Limbu

2.3.1

Eastern Kiranti

Matisoff 87 BP

JAM-Ety

74846

504,1718

911

nEːn◦di

gums

Limbu

2.3.1

Eastern Kiranti

Michailovsky 89 Lm

BM-Lim

3128

504,1718,s

910

[neːn◦diʔ◦ba]

gums

Limbu

2.3.1

Eastern Kiranti

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

164

127901

504

452

nəl

gums

Chepang (Eastern)

2.4

Kham-Magar-Chepang

Caughley 90 CheQ

RC-ChepQ

3.7.3

128762

632,504,m,m

562

ʂɿ⁵⁵ ȵi⁵⁵ wɑ⁵⁵ zɑ⁵⁵

gums

Ersu

3.2

Qiangic

Sun H 91 ErsQ

SHK-ErsCQ

128920

635,504

594

hui⁵³ nɛ⁵³

gums

Guiqiong

3.2

Qiangic

Sun H 91 GuiQ

SHK-GuiqQ

128421

504

560

rni⁵³

gums

Ergong (Northern)

3.3

rGyalrongic

Sun H 91 ErNQ

SHK-ErgNQ

3.7.3

130706

p,504

618

tə◦rne

gums

rGyalrong (NW)

3.3.1

rGyalrong

Sun H 91 rNW

SHK-rGNWQ

3.7.3

13178

504

370

ŋɛ⁵⁵

gums

Bola

6.1.1

Burmish

Dai 89 Bola

DQ-Bola

164

15489

504

886

ŋjəŋ³¹

gums

Lashi

6.1.1

Burmish

Dai 89 Lash

DQ-Lashi

3.7.3

15234

504

1024

ŋan³¹

gums

Maru [Langsu]

6.1.1

Burmish

Dai 89 Lang

DQ-Langsu

3.7.3

16252

504

1216

ȵɚ³³

gums

Nusu (Central)

6.1.2.1

Northern Loloish

Dai 89 NusB

DQ-NusuB

164.

16004

504

1218

ȵɚ³⁵

gums

Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)

6.1.2.1

Northern Loloish

Dai 89 NusA

DQ-NusuA

164.

9939

504,3321

1667

ni³⁴-lɿ³³

gums

Yi (Xide)

6.1.2.1

Northern Loloish

Chen 79 YiCh

CSL-YIzd

127467

1723,504

1290

kə◦lin⁵⁵

gums

Côông [Phunoi]

6.1.2.3

Southern Loloish

Ferlus 91

MF-PhnQ

3.7.3

172885

504

1618

ɲɪ̂ŋ

gums

Ugong

6.1.2.3

Southern Loloish

Bradley 93 Ugo

DB-Ugong

3.7.3

6813

632,m,p,504

412

θə-ʔmɛ̀ ə-nì

gums

Bwe

Karenic

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

933

20368

504

480

śi̯ən/śi̯ĕn|

tooth (base of) (=gums)

Chinese (Old/Mid)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Chou 72

ACST

560j

77006

504

478

hnjinx

gums

Chinese (Old)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

Chinese comparandum

矧 OC *śi̯ən, GSR #560i; Mand. shěn.
矤 OC *śi̯ən, GSR #560j; Mand. shěn.

#504 PTB *r/m-nil GUMS

Chinese comparandum