STEDT Etymon #1160
1.0 The Body > 1.9 Reproductive System > 1.9.8 Copulate
#1160 PTB *ŋ-(w)aːy COPULATE / MAKE LOVE / LOVE / GENTLE |
This root is well-attested in TB, occurring in the NE Indian Areal Group, Lolo-Burmese, Jingpho, Karenic, and Baic. There is an excellent Chinese comparandum, 愛 ‘love’ [GSR 508a]. STC (pp. 150, 192) compares Proto-Karen *ʔai to the Chinese word, but does not cite any other TB forms. In Matisoff 1985a (GSTC) #126, I reconstructed PTB *ŋ‑(w)ay, on the basis of forms from Jingpho, Tiddim, Lushai (Mizo), and Tangkhul. Another set of forms, reconstructed separately in STC #315 as *ŋoy, with the gloss GENTLE / QUIET / MODERATE, I believe to be allofamically related to the present etymon (see GSTC #92).
There is a look-alike in Proto-Tai: *ŋaayᴮ² ‘easy’ (HCT:204) > Siamese ŋâay.
| rn | analysis | lgid | reflex | gloss | gfn | language | grpid | grpno | grp | genetic | citation | srcabbr | srcid | rn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30458 | 1160 | 177 | ŋ-(w)ay| | love / make love | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 60877 | 1160 | 181 | ŋ-(w)ay| | love | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 206 | 1 | |
| 516099 | 1160 | 2012 | ŋ-|(w)aːy | love / make love | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 619 | 0 | |
| 30411 | 1160 | 177 | ŋoy | gentle / quiet / moderate | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 092 | 0 | |
| 515611 | 1160 | 2012 | ŋoy | gentle / quiet | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 606 | 0 | |
| 72264 | 1160 | 182 | ŋoy | gentle / quiet / moderate | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 315 | 0 | |
| 146220 | 1160 | 190 | ngi | comfort, soothe, cheer, console, pacify (as a child) | v | Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri] | 74 | 1.1.1.2 | Eastern Tani | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 092 | 0 |
| 216678 | 1160,3476 | 662 | we⁵⁵thu⁵⁵ | love | Idu | 6 | 1.1.2 | Deng | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 719.50 | 0 | |
| 35624 | 1160,3476,1160,1646 | 659 | wu◦tʰu wu◦ga | love | Idu | 6 | 1.1.2 | Deng | 1 | Pulu 78 | JP-Idu | 0 | ||
| 500892 | 1160 | 1920 | ŋaay | LOVE / LONG FOR | *Chin | 8 | 1.2 | Kuki-Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 861 | 0 | |
| 445824 | 1160 | 1926 | ngáay-I ngày-II | love, like | Thado | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 861 | 0 | |
| 60574 | 1160 | 1598 | -ŋa:i | love | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 206 | 0 | |
| 29987 | 1160 | 1594 | -ŋaiʔ | love; fall in love | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 29986 | 1160 | 1594 | -ŋaːi | love; fall in love | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 327990 | 1160 | 1794 | -ŋaːi/ˍŋaiʔ | love / fall in love | v | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | Henderson 65 TidC | EJAH-TC | 0 | |
| 445823 | 1160 | 1925 | ngaːi³ > ngaiʔ³ | love and like | v | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 861 | 0 |
| 170829 | 1160,1160 | 1597 | ŋaːi²/ŋaiʔ³ | love; listen | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | Bhaskararao 94 TCV | PB-TCV | 0 | ||
| 29988 | 1160 | 1594 | ˊŋɛːi | tenderly | Tiddim | 68 | 1.2.1.1 | Northern Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 445825 | 1160 | 1929 | ngáy | love, want, like | Khumi | 69 | 1.2.1.2 | Southern Plains Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 861 | 0 | |
| 233415 | 1160 | 331 | ngàai | love | v. | Bawm | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Løffler 85 Paa | LL-PRPL | 0 | |
| 445821 | 1160 | 1923 | ŋǎay-I, ŋày-II | long for | Lai (Falam) | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 861 | 0 | |
| 445820 | 1160 | 1947 | ŋâay-I, ŋayʔ-II | long for | Lai (Hakha) | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 861 | 0 | |
| 244892 | m,1160 | 976 | hma◦ngaih | love | v | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | |
| 29992 | 4475,1160 | 979 | in uai | clasp one another and be reluctant to leave | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 29993 | m,1160,m,m | 979 | in uai lung-leng | make love to one another | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 116064 | m,1160 | 978 | in-ngai | copulate; long for one another | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 233414 | 1160,1160 | 982 | ngáai/ngàiʔ | love | v. | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Løffler 85 Paa | LL-PRPL | 0 | |
| 116066 | 1160 | 978 | ngai | copulate | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 29995 | 1160 | 979 | ngāi | long for, miss, feel earnest desire for; copulate | v. | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 |
| 445822 | 1160 | 1924 | ngái-I, ngàih-II | long for, miss (as anyone or anything from which one is separated) | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | VanBik 09 PKC | KVB-PKC | 861 | 0 | |
| 29989 | 1160 | 979 | uai | hang on to | v. | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 |
| 60575 | 1160 | 983 | uai | hang on to, make love | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 206 | 0 | |
| 71002 | 1160 | 984 | ŋoi | quiet, silent | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 315 | 0 | |
| 71004 | 1160 | 984 | ŋuai | listless, quiet, silent | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 315 | 0 | |
| 71003 | 1160 | 984 | ŋui | downhearted, sad | Lushai [Mizo] | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 315 | 0 | |
| 233412 | m,1160 | 1248 | ra◦ngáai | love | v. | Paangkhua | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Løffler 85 Paa | LL-PRPL | 0 | |
| 233413 | m,1160 | 1247 | ra◦ngáai | love | v. | Paangkhua | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Løffler 85 Paa | LL-PRPL | 0 | |
| 29998 | p,1160 | 1473 | khə◦ŋáy | desire | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 60578 | m,1160 | 1481 | khə◦ŋáy | desire | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 206 | 0 | |
| 29997 | 1160,m | 1473 | ngai◦lon | gentle | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 29996 | m,1160,m | 1473 | sa-ngai kachi | desire | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 60577 | m,1160,m | 1481 | sa-ŋai kachi | that which one likes to do | Tangkhul | 66 | 1.3.4 | Tangkhulic | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 206 | 0 | |
| 29707 | 1160 | 160 | C-ŋuay| | easy | *Northern Naga | 12 | 1.7.2 | Northern Naga/Konyakian | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 092 | 0 | |
| 78728 | 1160 | 161 | C̥-ŋuay| | easy | *Northern Naga | 12 | 1.7.2 | Northern Naga/Konyakian | 1 | French 83 | WTF-PNN | 481 | 0 | |
| 29985 | 1160 | 672 | ńwái | respect, love | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 60573 | 1160 | 683 | ńwái | love | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 206 | 0 | |
| 70999 | 1160 | 685 | ŋwì | gentle, mild, peaceful, quiet | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 315 | 0 | |
| 147565 | p,1160,m,p,1160,m | 685 | ə◦ŋwi-śa ⪤ ə◦ŋoi-śă | gently, peace-fully, moderately | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 315 | 0 | |
| 287396 | 1160 | 207 | ai³⁵ | love | Achang (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 85 AcJZ | JZ-Achang | 0 | ||
| 147566 | 1160 | 409 | ŋwé | appear in small measure; gentle, moderate | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 315 | 0 | |
| 233715 | 1160 | 653 | ŋweʔ | copulate | Hpun (Northern) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Henderson 86 Hpun | EJAH-Hpun | 0 | ||
| 216670 | m,1160 | 696 | mo⁴⁴e³³ | love | Jinuo | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 719.34 | 0 | |
| 283967 | 1160,m | 1223 | vɪ⁴⁴mo⁵⁵ | copulate | Sani [Nyi] | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Chen 86 Yi | CK-YiQ | 10.2 | 0 | |
| 57495 | 1160 | 125 | wɛ́ʔ | copulate | *Karen (Sgaw) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 29980 | 1160 | 121 | ʔai | love / make love | *Karen | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 304976 | 1160 | 1736 | ʔai | love | *Karen | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 192n491 | 0 | |
| 56883 | 1160 | 126 | ʔáiq | love | v.t. | *Karen (TP) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 57884 | 1160 | 122 | ʔáiq | love | *Karen | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 | |
| 57493 | 1160 | 124 | ʔwɛ̀q | copulate | *Karen (Pwo-Sgaw) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 56888 | 1160 | 124 | ʔɛ̀q | love | v.t. | *Karen (Pwo-Sgaw) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 56885 | 1160 | 123 | ʔɛ́q | love | v.t. | *Karen (Pwo) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 56890 | 1160 | 125 | ʔɛ́ʔ | love | v.t. | *Karen (Sgaw) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 19804 | 1160 | 740 | ʔɑi | love | Karen | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Chou 72 | ACST | 508a | 0 | |
| 56884 | 1160 | 1242 | ʔái | love | v.t. | Pa-O | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 304703 | 1160 | 1759 | ʔe | love | Pa-O | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 149n409 | 0 | |
| 116023 | 1160 | 1237 | ʔwe | copulate | Pa-O | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 57490 | 1160 | 1242 | ʔwe | copulate | Pa-O | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 116026 | 1160 | 1256 | ʔwɛ̀q | copulate | Palaychi | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 57494 | 1160 | 1259 | ʔwɛ̀q | copulate | Palaychi | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 304710 | 1160 | 1749 | ʔə | love | Palaychi | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 149n409 | 0 | |
| 56889 | 1160 | 1259 | ʔɛ̀q | love | v.t. | Palaychi | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 29981 | 1160 | 1266 | ai | love / make love | Pwo | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 56887 | 1160 | 1272 | ʔài | love | v.t. | Pwo (Bassein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 116025 | 1160 | 1269 | ʔwè | copulate | Pwo (Bassein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 57492 | 1160 | 1272 | ʔwè | copulate | Pwo (Bassein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 116024 | 1160 | 1275 | ʔwɛ́ʔ | copulate | Pwo (Moulmein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 57491 | 1160 | 1279 | ʔwɛ́ʔ | copulate | Pwo (Moulmein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 56886 | 1160 | 1279 | ʔɛ́ʔ | love | v.t. | Pwo (Moulmein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 29982 | 1160 | 1390 | ɛ | love / make love | Sgaw | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 116028 | 1160 | 1393 | wɛ̀ | copulate | Sgaw (Bassein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 57497 | 1160 | 1394 | wɛ̀ | copulate | Sgaw (Bassein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 56892 | 1160 | 1394 | ʔɛ̀ | love | v.t. | Sgaw (Bassein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 116027 | 1160 | 1397 | wɛ́ʔ | copulate | Sgaw (Moulmein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 57496 | 1160 | 1399 | wɛ́ʔ | copulate | Sgaw (Moulmein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 474 | 0 | |
| 56891 | 1160 | 1399 | ʔɛ́ʔ | love | v.t. | Sgaw (Moulmein) | 50 | 7 | Karenic | 1 | Jones 61 | RBJ-KLS | 72 | 0 |
| 216645 | 1160 | 314 | e⁴⁴ | love | Bai (Dali) | 51 | 8 | Bai | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 719.35 | 0 | |
| 20355 | 1160,1160 | 480 | əd/ɑ̥̂i | love | Chinese (Old/Mid) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Chou 72 | ACST | 508a | 0 | |
| 29983 | 1160 | 474 | əd | love | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 | |
| 295481 | 1160 | 471 | ʔɨts | love / grudge | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Baxter 92 | WHB-OC | 1160 | 0 | |
| 294644 | 1160 | 471 | ʔɨts | love / grudge | v | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Baxter 92 | WHB-OC | 337 | 0 |
| 29984 | 1160 | 2118 | ậi | love | Chinese (Middle) | 54 | 9.0.2 | Middle Chinese | 0 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 126 | 0 |
愛 OC *ʔəd, GSR #508a ‘love’; Li 1971: *·ədh; Baxter 1992 #337: *ʔɨts; Mand. ài.
The Chinese form most closely resembles the Karen form ʔai. Because we expect OC *ʔ‑ to correspond to PTB *Ø‑ and OC *ŋ‑ to correspond to PTB *ŋ‑, the Chinese form must be assumed to relate to a PTB allofam lacking initial *ŋ‑.
Baxter reconstructs *ʔɨts, but a reconstruction of *ʔɨjs is also possible, as rhyming evidence does not definitvely indicate the presence of a stop coda.
The correspondence between TB final *‑ay and OC final *‑əd (Li), *‑ɨj (Baxter) is attested, for example in the word for ‘tail’, TB *r‑may; 尾 OC *mjədx (Li); *mjɨjʔ (Baxter); Mand. wěi. Elsewhere in this volume, #519 PTB *s‑tay NAVEL / ABDOMEN / CENTER / SELF offers additional support for this correspondence.
[ZJH]
Cf. 臥 S516