Allofams:
4.0 Kinship Terms, Ethnonyms, Social Roles > 4.2 Roles > 4.2.11 Stages of growth

#2727 PTB *tsa-n CHILD / GRANDCHILD / NEPHEW / NIECE
Reconstructed mesoroots below:

There is variation between the fricative and affricate initials even within the same subgroup (e.g., Qiangic, Burmish). See #1012 PTB *za‑n CHILD.

formglossgfnlanguagesourcesrcidnotes
0.1 Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)
607822727, 1012181tsa ⪤ *za child, son*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB120
5159932727, 10122012tsa-n ⪤ za-n child / son / relatives*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB616
1 NE Indian Areal Group
1.3 “Naga” Areal Group
254821p, 27271019a cha sonMaring111.3“Naga” Areal Group0Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
1.3.1 Central Naga (Ao Group)PCN *tsaʔ SON
61917927272229tsaʔ SON*Central Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.020
618917p, 2727, s2228(t-)tʃa-əɹ SON*Ao631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNII.144
2542132727, s270chi r childAo (Chungli)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
620115p, 2727, s2226tə³-tʃi ɹ³¹ sonn.Ao (Chungli)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNII.144
6201342727, m2245tʃa² nu² child, youngn.Ao (Chungli)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 SuppCNDWB-CNSD
6201352727, m, m2245tʃa² pa³ su¹ sonn.Ao (Chungli)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 SuppCNDWB-CNSD
254215m, 2727, s273i cha r childAo (Mongsen: Longchang)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
4512722727, s1963tʃà-(ə)ɹ son ('offspring' + ANOM)n.Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Coupe 07 AoARC-GMA
4506592727, 54931963tʃà la daughter ('offspring' + F)n.Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Coupe 07 AoARC-GMA
622005p, 2727, s2231o¹-tso²-eʔ³ childrenn.Lotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNp.184
6204162727, m, s2231tso²-khjoŋ¹-oʔ² sonn.Lotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.020
6217552727, 5493, s2247tso² lo v³ daughtern.Lotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 SuppCNDWB-CNSD1
254224p, 2727, s963o tso e childLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
254816p, 2727, s, p, 1635, s963o tso e-e pu e sonLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
2370p, 2727, s962¹o ²dzo(-³eʔ)childLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT44
4743p, 2727962¹o ²dzo(ʔ) sonLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT303
2548332727, s1364tsu rü sonSangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
47442727, s1671(¹)dzɯʔ ¹rɯ sonYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT303
254241p, 2727, s1672a zü rü childYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
2548402727, s1672tsü rü sonYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
6180552727, 5471671²dzɯʔ ⁽²⁾meak [¹] son-in-lawYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT633
1.3.2 Angami-Pochuri Group
254226p, 27271050a tsa childMeluri651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
1.3.4 TangkhulicPTk *tsa CHILD / DIMINUTIVE
52915527272031tsa child / diminutive*Tangkhulic661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk747
524767m, 27272022si-ðu young (of animal) / calf / foalKachai661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkAnimals.004
2 Himalayish
2.1 Tibeto-Kanauri
2.1.1 Western Himalayish
33705427271788chaṅ child / son / son of brothernKanauri202.1.1Western Himalayish0Bailey 11BAI1911
1164012727, 593732chaṅ khŭl womb (child-skin)Kanauri202.1.1Western Himalayish0Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety
3390162727, m1788chaṅ tāmigʻ bear childvKanauri202.1.1Western Himalayish0Bailey 11BAI1911
33705527271788chaṅts infant / child (little)Kanauri202.1.1Western Himalayish0Bailey 11BAI1911
2.1.2 Bodic
42233m, 2727, 6701086wak tsa ɕum placentaTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 80 MLDSLZO-MLD
2.1.2.1 Tibetan
23718927271564btsa birth, giveTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
3032272727, s1578btsa-ba birth, giveTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Benedict 72 STCSTC277n86
2.1.4 Tamangish
2700876031, m, 2727596ra jāh jāq kid (goat)nGurung232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN03a.039
647846031, m, 2727604rə jah jaq goat (kid)Gurung (Ghachok)232.1.4Tamangish1Glover 72 GuVoSIL-Gur3.A.39
2700886031, 27271457rā tcā kid (goat)nTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN03a.039
1231206031, 27271464ra tca kid, baby goatTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu3.39
2700896031, m, 27271520ra cah ca kid (goat)nThakali232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN03a.039
678256031, m, 27271531rɔ cɔh cɔ kidThakali (Tukche)232.1.4Tamangish1Hari 71a ThVoSIL-Thak3.A.39
2.2 Newar
3238042306, 27271789cil cā goat (kid)Newar272.2Newar1Genetti 90 NeQ2CG-NewariQ2
2700975602, 6034, 27271166du gu-cā kid-(diminutive) (goat)nNewar272.2Newar1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN03a.039
270175b, 27271166garā-cā donkey-(diminutive)nNewar272.2Newar1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN03a.0452
323807m, 27271789phasi cā lamb (diminutive)Newar272.2Newar1Genetti 90 NeQ2CG-NewariQ2
62226519, m, 27271174te pu ca navel-(diminutive)Newar272.2Newar1Shakya 89SH-KNw5.7.13
2.3 Kiranti
2.3.3 Central Kiranti
147932m, 2727547parɨ-tsuʔu <child> newborn infant sacrificed in olden times to the gods ofDumi772.3.3Central Kiranti1Driem 93 DumiSVD-Dum
3 Tangut-Qiang
3.2 Qiangic
195038m, 2727561jɑ⁵⁵ dʐɛ⁵⁵ childErsu343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC295.18
422972m, m, 2727, m1811(e⁵⁵ le⁵⁵ tsə³³) tʃhə⁵⁵ embrace a child cheek to cheekv.Guiqiong343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1575.16
195012m, m, 2727595e⁵⁵ le⁵⁵ tsi³³ childGuiqiong343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC295.17
353694m, m, 27271811e⁵⁵ le⁵⁵ tsə³³ childnGuiqiong343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0169.16
1972562727595tsi⁵³ sonGuiqiong343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC339.17
35636727271811tsi⁵⁵ sonnGuiqiong343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0220.16
35636627271810tɕue²⁴ sonnMuya343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0220.15
19725527271136tɕye³⁵ sonMuya [Minyak]343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC339.15
35636127271805tsø³⁵ sonnPumi (Jiulong)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0220.10
3565182727, m1805tsø⁵⁵ dzə̃⁵⁵ son-in-lawnPumi (Jiulong)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.10
35636027271853tsy⁵⁵ sonnPumi (Lanping)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0220.09
35368727271853tʃə̂¹³ childnPumi (Lanping)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0169.09
19725427271306tsy⁵⁵ sonPumi (Qinghua)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC339.11
19501027271306tʃə̃¹³ childPumi (Qinghua)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC295.11
19727827271309tsu̵⁵³ sonPumi (Taoba)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC339.10
1974312727, m1309tsu̵⁵⁵ dzã⁵³ son-in-lawPumi (Taoba)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC342.10
19503427271309tɕɪ̃³⁵ childPumi (Taoba)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC295.10
337622727, 5471315tsɯ-me son-in-lawQiang (ChiuTzuYing)343.2Qiangic1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR153
337632727, 5471315tsɯ-mja son-in-lawQiang (ChiuTzuYing)343.2Qiangic1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR153
511810m, 27271996qà tɕí dote on (child)Qiang (Longxi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang2392
50688027271996tɕì sonQiang (Longxi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang277
5068852727, 5471996tɕì mià son-in-lawQiang (Longxi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang280
5067452727, m1996tɕí bí childQiang (Longxi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang210
3536862727, m1852tʃuj mɪ childnQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0169.08
35635927271852tʃɪ sonnQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0220.08
3565162727, 5471852tʃɪ miɛ son-in-lawnQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.08
19727727271320tɕi sonQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC339.8
1950332727, m1320tɕiː mi childQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC295.8
375212727, 16321316tʂə ɹaqu wombQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo
506746m, m, 27271997kɛ̀ bʐì tsɨ̀ childQiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang210
50687927271997tsɨ̀ sonQiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang277
5068862727, 5471997tsɨ̀ mià son-in-lawQiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang280
19725327271323tʃɿ³³ sonQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC339.9
1974062727, 5471323tʃɿ⁵⁵ ma³¹ son-in-lawQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC342.9
3.3 rGyalrongic
3.3.1 rGyalrong
130614p, 1733, 2727, 1612617ta po tso fkəm wombrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ10.4.8
197279p, 27271340tə tsa sonrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC339.12
356362p, 27271806tə tsɑ sonnrGyalrong (Maerkang)783.3.1rGyalrong1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0220.11
331989p, 27271797tɐ-tʃu sonCaodeng783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 CaoJS-Caodeng
6 Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
6.1 Lolo-Burmese
6.1.1 Burmish
2878872727, 547201tsɑ³¹ mɑ³¹ son-in-lawAchang (Lianghe)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang
1974212727, 547200tsɔ³¹ moʔ³¹ son-in-lawAchang (Longchuan)446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC342.41
3565362727, 5471824tsɔ³¹ mɔʔ³¹ son-in-lawnAchang (Longchuan)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.28
2870632727, 547207tsaʔ³¹ maʔ³¹ son-in-lawAchang (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang
3565372727, 5471825tsɔ³¹ mɔʔ⁵⁵ son-in-lawnAchang (Xiandao)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.29
3565402727, 5471829tă³¹ maʔ⁵⁵ son-in-lawnBola (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.32
3565352727, 5471823tθɑ⁵⁵ mɛʔ⁴ son-in-lawnBurmese (Rangoon)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.27
1974462727, 5471428tθɑ⁵⁵ mɛʔ⁴⁴ son-in-lawBurmese (Spoken Rangoon)446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC342.40
3565392727, 5471828tsɔ̆³⁵ mɔʔ³¹ son-in-lawnLangsu (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.31
15460681, 2727886mjɔʔ³¹ tso³³ pupilLashi446.1.1Burmish1Dai 89 LashDQ-Lashi3.4.2.2
156592727, 679886tso³³ sɔ̱t⁵⁵ wombLashi446.1.1Burmish1Dai 89 LashDQ-Lashi10.4.8
3565412727, 5471830tsə̆³³ mɔʔ⁵⁵ son-in-lawnLeqi (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.33
15206681, 27271024mjɔʔ³¹ tsɔ³¹ pupilMaru [Langsu]446.1.1Burmish1Dai 89 LangDQ-Langsu3.4.2.2
154072727, 6791024tsɔ³⁵ sat⁵⁵ wombMaru [Langsu]446.1.1Burmish1Dai 89 LangDQ-Langsu10.4.8
1974222727, 5471034tsɔ̆³⁵ mɔʔ³¹ son-in-lawMaru [Langsu]446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC342.43
3565382727, 5471827tso²¹ moʔ⁵⁵ son-in-lawnAtsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0223.30
1974472727, 5471693tsŏ²¹ moʔ⁵⁵ son-in-lawAtsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC342.42
9 Sinitic
9.0.1 Old Chinese
3289552727, 2727481tsi̯əg/tsi: son / daughter / child;young of animalsChinese (Old/Mid)539.0.1Old Chinese0Karlgren 57 GSRGSR964a-j
200322727469dzi̯əg childChinese (Old)539.0.1Old Chinese0Chou 72ACST964a-j

Chinese comparandum

子 OC *tsi̯əg, GSR #964a-j ‘son, daughter, child; young of animals’; Schuessler 2007:633 *tsəʔ; B & S 2011: *tsəʔ; Mand. zǐ.
字 OC *dz’i̯əg, GSR #964n-o ‘to breed, love’; Schuessler 2007:633 *dzəh; B & S 2011: *mə‑dzə‑s {mə‑dzə(ʔ)‑s}; Mand. zì.

慈 OC *dz’i̯əg, GSR #966j ‘loving, kind’; Schuessler 2007:633 *dzə; B & S 2011: *dzə; Mand. cí.

在 OC *dz’əg GSR# 943i-k ; B & S 2011: dzˁəʔ {[dz]ˁəʔ}; Mand. zài.
存 OC *dz’wən, GSR #432a ‘be among, exist, survive, maintain’; Schuessler 2007:200 *dzə̂n; B & S 2011: *dzˁən {[dz]ˁə[n]}; Mand. cún.

才 OC *dz’əg, GSR #943a-f ‘talent, ability’; B & S 2011: *dzˤə {(Cə.)[dz]ˤə}; Mand. cái.
材 OC *dz’əg, GSR #943g ‘timber, material’; B & S 2011: *Cə.dzˤə {[Cə.dz]ˤə}; Mand. cái.
財 OC *dz’əg, GSR #943h ‘wealth’; B & S 2011: *dzˤə {[dz]ˤə}; Mand. cái.

栽 OC *tsəg, GSR #943y ‘plant (v.)’; Schuessler 2007:599 *tsə̂; B & S 2011: *tsˁə {[ts]ˁə}; Mand. zāi.
載 OC *tsəg, GSR #943a’-b’ ‘initiate, start work; undertaking, achievement’; Schuessler 2007:599 *tsə̂h; B & S 2011: *(tsˁəʔ‑s {[ts]ˁəʔ‑s}; Mand. zài.
栽 OC *dz’əg, GSR #943y ‘board (v.); erect building frames’; Schuessler 2007:600 *tsə̂h; B & S 2011: *tsˁəʔ‑s {[ts]ˁəʔ‑s}; Mand. zài.

載 OC *tsəg, GSR #943a’-b’ ‘load, carry, pour, fill; conveyance’; Schuessler 2007:600 *tsə̂h; B & S 2011: *tsˁəʔ‑s {[ts]ˁəʔ‑s}; Mand. zài.
載 OC *dz’əg, GSR #943a’-b’ ‘load (v.); load (n.)’; Schuessler 2007:600 *dzə̂h; B & S 2011: *m‑tsˁəʔ‑s {[m‑ts]ˁəʔ‑s}; Mand. zài.

Also: 菜採孳


^ 1.
[Source note] /tso²-lo³-uʔ³/ ?
^ 2.
< IA khara- ‘donkey’.
^ 3.
K. P. Malla (p.c. 2007) analyzes this form as consisting of te ‘navel’, pu ‘seed, round thing’, ca (preferably chaa) ‘DIMINUTIVE; child’. Newar chaa appears in compounds like ma‑chaa ‘a child’ and khi‑chaa ‘a dog’.