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1.0 The Body > 1.1 Body Parts > 1.1.2 Life/Breathe/Exist > 1.1.2.3 Existence

#450 PTB *way BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR

rnanalysislgidreflexglossgfnlanguagegrpidgrpnogrpgeneticcitationsrcabbrsrcidrn
515757449,4502012ray ⪤ waycopula / nominalizer / subordinator*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB6100
217390450537e⁵³be / copulaTrung [Dulong]384Nungic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC733.460
2174412436,450537mɯ³¹e⁵³NEG+copulaTrung [Dulong]384Nungic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC734.460
299558450540e⁵³be / copulaTrung [Dulong] (Nujiang)384Nungic1Sun H 82 DulJZ-Dulong0
2995592436,450540mɯ³¹e⁵³NEG+copulaTrung [Dulong] (Nujiang)384Nungic1Sun H 82 DulJZ-Dulong0
11406450152ʔ-|way²/|³plural*Loloish456.1.2Loloish1Bradley 79 PLoDB-PLolo442/3/4-2 1
621410450,4052239ve³³ ~ ve⁵⁵subordinator; final particleLuquan466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB2210
405884m,m,4501841kɛ³¹ɛ³¹ve³³clarify / clear upLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1197.430
377864m,m,4501841mi³¹qo¹¹ve³³trap / pitfallnLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0639.430
395426m,m,4501841qɛ³¹ɛ³¹ve³³spacious / commodiousadjLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0978.430
401029m,4501841si¹¹ve³³deadLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1089.430
400942m,4501841te²¹ve³³living (adj.)Lahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1087.430
410642m,4501841tɕhe⁵³ve⁵⁴shiver / tremblev.Lahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1303.430
3954776186,m,4501841tɕo²¹ɛ³¹ve³³cramped / narrowadjLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0979.430
355692m,m,m,4501841tɕɔ²¹pɯ³³ɛ³¹ve³³hunchbacknLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0207.430
368353m,m,4501841ɕu³⁵ (dɔ⁵⁴ve³³)cigarette / tobacconLahu (Lancang)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0455.430
1186195450,m,m,450832á-qàʔ yì veshit (euph.)Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
4414853000,m,450831bàʔ bà veslice off (as a strip of bark)Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL933 2
3007636,5419,450833câ ni vetry eating; have a tasteLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC1450
44138058,97,450831cê hu veraise animalsovLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL10720
4413971354,1359,450831cha pàʔ vecopulate with a womanLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL517,8140
114959m,450832cɨ̀ vecoughv.Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
116078m,450832dì vehave orgasmLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
292121606,m,5795,450833g̈âʔ-mu cɨ̂ʔ vepluck a chicken's feathersLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC0330
116430m,450832hwɛ̄ vewoundLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
174683650,3493,450831jî̵ pí veurinatevLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DLp. 5820
1487802453,174,450834mì hā verough groundLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 93 PCJAM-II0
1487552473,105,450831mû qhâʔ vedrought, be a; not have rainLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DLp. 9930
1461472473,m,m,m,450833mû-ni cè ko vefor the sun to be encircled by a colored hazeLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC0130
146315681,m,m,450833mɛ̂ʔ še e velook at sthg sidelong; squint at out of the corner of one's eyeLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC1800
115118811,1409,1409,450832nā-pɔ pô vedeafLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
29946m,m,450833nê te veappease the spiritsLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC1220
118193m,m,450832ôʔ e veblisterLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
1150251752,450832qā vedumb / muteLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
115775572,m,450832qhɛ̂ tɛ̀ʔ veflatulent; fartLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
17302832,1007,450831šá chêʔ vedie (breath is cut off)vLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DLp. 11600
15051532,1810,450831šá g̈ɔ̀ vebreathe ("draw breath")Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL11600
14882732,1810,450831šá g̈ɔ̀ vedraw breath;inhaleLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DLp.11600
441441m,502,450831šú dɔ̀ vesmoke tobaccoLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL11930
30077m,5419,450833te ni vetry doingLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC1450
5859752202,m,450831tɔ̀ʔ-nà verevolted by the thought of eating; be unable to stand foodbe v.Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL6670
621411450831venominalizer; relativizer; genitivizerLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL13300
1505061012,97,450831yâ hu vebe pregnant, raise a childbeLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL12590
148835127,130,m,450831yɨ̀ʔ-mɨ́ gə̀ʔ vesleepyLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DLp.13010
148834127,130,m,450831yɨ̀ʔ-mɨ́ qa vefall asleep; be asleepLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DLp.13010
441343p,3583,p,3583,m,273,450831ɔ̀-bâ=ɔ̀-bâ-nâ qay vecome in wavesvLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DLp9290
113925p,227,m,450832ɔ̀-kɨ cɔ̀ vebravebe v.Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
1174845450,m,m,450832ɔ̀-lî yàʔ vemensesLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
311367p,301,301,450831ɔ̀-u u velay an eggLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL1350
29213m,2185,5795,m,450833ɔ̀-vêʔ cɨ̂ʔ-g̈ɔ̀ vepluck a flowerLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC0330
1138473443,450832ə̀ʔ vebelchv.Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
1166473443,450832ə̂ʔ vehiccupv.Lahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
585974576,576,m,450831ɛ̀-ɛ̀ te ve[baby-talk] make poo-poo; make cacaLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 88 DLJAM-DL1290
302885m,450856tɕhe⁵ve¹this oneLahu (Yellow)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chang 86JZ-Lahu0
302921450856ve¹relativizing particleLahu (Yellow)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chang 86JZ-Lahu0
620479450,4502221ø ~ ø̀subordinator; citation-form marker; terminator of utterances in declarative moodAkha486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB2210

Chinese comparandum

惟 OC *d’i̯wər, GSR #575n ‘namely; copula’; Schuessler 2007:510 *wi; B & S 2011: *ɢʷij; Mand. wéi.


^ 1.
A PLB reconstruction with *ʔr‑ seems preferable, since *ʔw‑ becomes Lahu f‑.
^ 2.
Lahu means ‘throw away’ in isolation, but as an auxiliary verb means ‘to perform an action so that something is gotten rid of’. See HPTB, p. 231.