STEDT Etymon #5494
3.0 Natural Objects, Plants, Foods > 3.1 Plants > 3.1.5 Fruits and vegetables
#5494 PTB *swa-n ONION / GARLIC |
This root is well-attested in Tibeto-Burman and Chinese, but has a fortuitous resemblance to an Indo-Aryan root (Skt. laśuna-, Hindi lahsun, Nepali lasun). In fact, many Tibeto-Burman languages (e.g. Maru la³¹sɔn³⁵, Chang lasung, Lotha lasen, Bantawa losuna, and Jingpho la³¹son³³) have borrowed the Indic root. In a couple of cases, a compound seems to be an Indic-TB hybrid, e.g. Achang lɑ³¹suɑn⁵⁵.
Compound formations with this etymon show an interesting range of semantic associations, including BITTER (e.g. Lisu), CHICKEN (e.g. Burmese), WHITE (e.g. Burmese), and SMELLY (e.g. Lahu).
| rn | analysis | lgid | reflex | gloss | gfn | language | grpid | grpno | grp | genetic | citation | srcabbr | srcid | rn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 515887 | 5494 | 2012 | swa-|n | onion / garlic | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 613 | 0 | |
| 60762 | 5494 | 181 | swa-|n | garlic | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 1 | |
| 533478 | m,5494 | 2079 | kha-tshuan | onion, garlic | n | Lai (Hakha) | 70 | 1.2.2 | Central Chin | 1 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 302 | 0 |
| 190703 | 5494 | 561 | fu⁵⁵ | garlic | Ersu | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.18 | 0 | |
| 190652 | 5494,m | 561 | fu⁵⁵bu⁵⁵ | onion (green) | Ersu | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.18 | 0 | |
| 190677 | 5494 | 595 | su⁵³ | garlic | Guiqiong | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.17 | 0 | |
| 366719 | 5494 | 1811 | ʂu⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Guiqiong | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.16 | 0 |
| 366669 | 5494,m | 1813 | fu³³bu⁵³ | onion / scallion | n | Lyuzu | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0423.18 | 0 |
| 366721 | 5494,m | 1813 | fu³³khuæ⁵³ | garlic | n | Lyuzu | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.18 | 0 |
| 190678 | 5494 | 1147 | fu³³ | garlic | Namuyi | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.19 | 0 | |
| 366749 | 5494 | 1844 | fu³¹ | garlic | n | Namuyi | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.46 | 0 |
| 366716 | 5494 | 1808 | ɕy⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Queyu (Xinlong) | 34 | 3.2 | Qiangic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.13 | 0 |
| 366724 | m,5494 | 1817 | khuɑ³¹sui⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Nung | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.21 | 0 |
| 190716 | m,5494 | 269 | khuɑ³¹sui⁵⁵ | garlic | Anong | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.44 | 0 | |
| 366671 | 5494 | 1816 | su⁵³ | onion / scallion | n | Dulong | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0423.20 | 0 |
| 190717 | 5494 | 537 | su⁵³ | garlic | Trung [Dulong] | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.46 | 0 | |
| 190666 | 5494,m | 537 | su⁵³dɔŋ⁵⁵ | onion (green) | Trung [Dulong] | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.46 | 0 | |
| 366723 | 5494 | 1816 | sɔ⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Dulong | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.20 | 0 |
| 59480 | 5494 | 539 | su⁵³ | garlic | Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe) | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 59482 | 5494,m | 539 | su⁵³ dɔŋ⁵⁵ | green onion | Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe) | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 59483 | 5494,m | 541 | su³¹ dɔŋ⁵⁵ | green onion | Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang) | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 299062 | 5494,m | 540 | su³¹dɔŋ⁵⁵ | green onion | Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang) | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Sun H 82 Dul | JZ-Dulong | 0 | ||
| 299063 | 5494 | 540 | su⁵³ | garlic | Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang) | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | Sun H 82 Dul | JZ-Dulong | 0 | ||
| 59481 | 5494 | 541 | su⁵³ | garlic | Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang) | 38 | 4 | Nungic | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 366731 | m,5494 | 1824 | kă³¹sun³⁵ | garlic | n | Achang (Longchuan) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.28 | 0 |
| 190689 | m,5494 | 200 | kă³¹sun³⁵ | garlic | Achang (Longchuan) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.41 | 0 | |
| 366678 | 1606,5494,m | 1823 | tɕɛʔ⁴tθũ²²meʔ⁴ | onion / scallion | n | Burmese (Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0423.27 | 0 |
| 366730 | 1606,5494,1235 | 1823 | tɕɛʔ⁴tθũ²²phju²² | garlic | n | Burmese (Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.27 | 0 |
| 34658 | 1606,5494 | 387 | ce'◦thun | onion | Burmese (Standard Spoken) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Okell 71 | JO-PB | 0 | ||
| 190663 | 1606,5494 | 1428 | tɕɛʔ⁴⁴tθũ²² | onion (green) | Burmese (Spoken Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.40 | 0 | |
| 190714 | 1606,5494,1235 | 1428 | tɕɛʔ⁴⁴tθũ²²phju²² | garlic | Burmese (Spoken Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.40 | 0 | |
| 34660 | m,5494 | 382 | ka◦swan | onion | Burmese (Inscriptional) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Okell 71 | JO-PB | 0 | ||
| 34659 | 1606,5494 | 404 | krak'swan | onion | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Okell 71 | JO-PB | 0 | ||
| 437193 | 1606,5494 | 406 | krak-swan | onion | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 76 WBur | PKB-WBRD | 0 | ||
| 59484 | 1606,5494 | 407 | krak-swan | garlic | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 246284 | 1606,5494 | 392 | krak◦swan | onion | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 241909 | 1606,5494,1235 | 392 | krak◦swan◦phrū | garlic | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 190637 | 1606,5494 | 411 | krɑk thon² | onion (green) | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.39 | 0 | |
| 19635 | 1606,5494 | 388 | krɑk-swɑn | onion | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Chou 72 | ACST | 175b | 0 | |
| 366677 | 1606,5494,m | 1822 | krɑk⁴ tθon² mrit⁴ | onion / scallion | n | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0423.26 | 0 |
| 366729 | 1606,5494,1235 | 1822 | krɑk⁴◦tθon²◦phru² | garlic | n | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.26 | 0 |
| 190688 | 1606,5494,1235 | 411 | krɑk◦thon²◦phru² | garlic | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.39 | 0 | |
| 233862 | m,m,5494,1235 | 653 | kʃ̆wè, kă◦ʃwè phyú (=w | garlic / onion (cf. WHITE) | Hpun (Northern) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Henderson 86 Hpun | EJAH-Hpun | 0 | ||
| 452655 | 1606,5494 | 1965 | kraʔ◦θwaiŋ | onion | Marma | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huziwara 08 Sak | HK-Sak | 73-1 | 0 | |
| 452656 | 1606,5494,1235 | 1965 | kraʔ◦θwaiŋ◦phru | garlic | Marma | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huziwara 08 Sak | HK-Sak | 73-1a | 0 | |
| 11741 | 5494 | 152 | swan¹/²| | garlic / onion | *Loloish | 45 | 6.1.2 | Loloish | 1 | Bradley 79 PLo | DB-PLolo | 286 | 0 | |
| 366750 | 229,5494 | 1845 | kha³¹si³³ | garlic | n | Gazhuo | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.47 | 0 |
| 292179 | 229,5494 | 879 | khà-sjý | garlic | Lalo | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Björverud 94 | SB-Lalo | 0 | ||
| 335938 | 5494 | 1220 | xu⁵⁵ | garlic | Nusu (Southern) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun J 86 Nusu | JZ-Nusu | 0 | ||
| 335037 | 5494 | 1219 | zu³⁵ | garlic | Nusu (Northern) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun J 86 Nusu | JZ-Nusu | 0 | ||
| 366737 | 5494 | 1831 | zu⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Nusu (Central) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.34 | 0 |
| 190691 | 5494 | 1215 | zu⁵⁵ | garlic | Nusu (Bijiang) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.45 | 0 | |
| 190705 | m,5494 | 1658 | kɯ³³sɯ³³ | garlic | Yi (Dafang) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.22 | 0 | |
| 460436 | m,5494 | 1962 | ka³³si³³ | garlic | Yi (Liangshan) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Ma 08 Yi | SIL-Nuosu | index | 0 | |
| 190681 | 5494 | 1662 | ʂo⁵⁵ | garlic | Yi (Mile) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.25 | 0 | |
| 190707 | 5494,m | 1663 | so⁵⁵bɛ²¹ | garlic | Yi (Mojiang) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.26 | 0 | |
| 366740 | m,5494 | 1834 | khɯ²¹sɿ³³ | garlic | n | Yi (Nanhua) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.37 | 0 |
| 190706 | 5494 | 1664 | ʂu⁵⁵ | garlic | Yi (Nanhua) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.24 | 0 | |
| 190655 | 5494,m,m | 1664 | ʂu⁵⁵phu̱²¹tɛ³³ | onion (green) | Yi (Nanhua) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.24 | 0 | |
| 190680 | m,5494 | 1666 | khɯ²¹ɕy⁵⁵ | garlic | Yi (Nanjian) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.23 | 0 | |
| 366739 | 229,5494 | 1833 | khɑ²¹ɕy⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Yi (Weishan) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.36 | 0 |
| 190679 | m,5494 | 1670 | ka³³si³³ | garlic | Yi (Xide) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.21 | 0 | |
| 366738 | m,5494 | 1832 | kɑ³³si³³ | garlic | n | Yi (Xide) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.35 | 0 |
| 59487 | 5494,1235 | 843 | śū-phu | onion | Lahu | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 59488 | 5494,1235,1415 | 843 | śū-phu-nù | garlic | Lahu | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 2 | |
| 366746 | m,5494 | 1841 | phɯ⁵³ɕu¹¹ | garlic | n | Lahu (Lancang) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.43 | 0 |
| 190685 | m,5494 | 851 | phɯ⁵³su¹¹ | garlic | Lahu (Black) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.33 | 0 | |
| 285403 | 229,5494 | 943 | hkwa⁵-sye⁴ | garlic (sp.) | Lisu (Central) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Fraser 22 | JF-HLL | 0 | ||
| 190682 | 229,5494 | 942 | khuɑ³¹se⁴⁴ | garlic | Lisu | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.27 | 0 | |
| 276804 | 229,5494 | 946 | khwa²¹sø³³ | garlic | N | Lisu (Northern) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Bradley 94 Lisu | DB-Lisu | 0 | |
| 276807 | 229,5494,m,m | 946 | khwa²¹sø³³ ɔ⁵⁵ɲɔ³³ | garlic bolt | Lisu (Northern) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Bradley 94 Lisu | DB-Lisu | 0 | ||
| 276805 | 229,5494,m | 946 | khwa²¹sø³³baʔ²¹ | garlic clove | Lisu (Northern) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Bradley 94 Lisu | DB-Lisu | 0 | ||
| 276809 | 229,5494,m | 946 | khwa²¹sø³³dzi³³ | garlic shoot | Lisu (Northern) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Bradley 94 Lisu | DB-Lisu | 0 | ||
| 276808 | 229,5494,m | 946 | khwa²¹sø³³phja²¹ | garlic leaf | Lisu (Northern) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Bradley 94 Lisu | DB-Lisu | 0 | ||
| 276806 | 229,5494,m | 946 | khwa²¹sø³³tʃhɿ³³ | garlic bulb | Lisu (Northern) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Bradley 94 Lisu | DB-Lisu | 0 | ||
| 366742 | 5494,m | 1836 | ʂʐ̩⁵⁵mɒ³³ | garlic | n | Yi (Sani) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.39 | 0 |
| 190633 | 5494,m | 510 | se⁵⁵bɔ³¹ | onion (green) | Hani (Dazhai) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.31 | 0 | |
| 190684 | 229,5494 | 510 | xa³¹se⁵⁵ | garlic | Hani (Dazhai) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.31 | 0 | |
| 366692 | 5494,m | 1839 | se⁵⁵bɔ³¹ | onion / scallion | n | Hani (Lüchun) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0423.41 | 0 |
| 366744 | 229,5494 | 1839 | xa³¹se⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Hani (Lüchun) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.41 | 0 |
| 190709 | m,5494 | 418 | kɔ³¹se⁵⁵ | garlic | Hani (Caiyuan) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.30 | 0 | |
| 190658 | 5494,m | 418 | se⁵⁵pu³¹ | onion (green) | Hani (Caiyuan) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.30 | 0 | |
| 300003 | 5494,m,m | 630 | sɛ⁵⁵bo³¹bo⁵⁵ | green onion | Hani (Gelanghe) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Li Yongsui 86 Hani | JZ-Hani | 0 | ||
| 300004 | 5494,m | 630 | sɛ⁵⁵phu⁵⁵ | garlic | Hani (Gelanghe) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Li Yongsui 86 Hani | JZ-Hani | 0 | ||
| 190659 | 5494,m | 1416 | sɛ⁵⁵pu³¹ | onion (green) | Hani (Shuikui) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 209.32 | 0 | |
| 190710 | 229,5494 | 1416 | xɔ³¹sɛ⁵⁵ | garlic | Hani (Shuikui) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 210.32 | 0 | |
| 366693 | 5494,m | 1840 | sɛ⁵⁵pu³¹ | onion / scallion | n | Hani (Mojiang) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0423.42 | 0 |
| 366745 | 229,5494 | 1840 | xɔ³¹sɛ⁵⁵ | garlic | n | Hani (Mojiang) | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0424.42 | 0 |
| 522786 | 5494 | 2020 | ʂɞ̠⁴⁵ | garlic | Azha | 75 | 6.1.2.4 | Southeastern Loloish | 1 | Pelkey 11 Phula | JP-CPL | 198 | 0 | |
| 520387 | p,5494,m | 2018 | a⁵⁵ɕɛ³³bi⁵⁵ | garlic | Southern Muji | 75 | 6.1.2.4 | Southeastern Loloish | 1 | Pelkey 11 Phula | JP-CPL | 198 | 0 | |
| 518005 | m,5494 | 2016 | ᵑqɑ³¹sɛ⁵⁵ | garlic | Phola | 75 | 6.1.2.4 | Southeastern Loloish | 1 | Pelkey 11 Phula | JP-CPL | 198 | 0 | |
| 521582 | 5494,m | 2019 | so⁵⁵ma³³ | garlic | Hlepho Phowa | 75 | 6.1.2.4 | Southeastern Loloish | 1 | Pelkey 11 Phula | JP-CPL | 198 | 0 | |
| 519165 | 5494,m | 2017 | sɯ³³mʌ³³ | garlic | Phuza | 75 | 6.1.2.4 | Southeastern Loloish | 1 | Pelkey 11 Phula | JP-CPL | 198 | 0 | |
| 517651 | 5494 | 1999 | fv˧ | garlic | Laze (Xiangjiao) | 43 | 6.2 | Naxi | 1 | Michaud 06 NaLaze | AM-NaLaze1 | 3970 | 0 | |
| 517709 | 5494,m,m | 1999 | fv˧u˧tu˥ | garlic root | Laze (Xiangjiao) | 43 | 6.2 | Naxi | 1 | Michaud 06 NaLaze | AM-NaLaze1 | 4202 | 0 | |
| 59485 | 5494 | 482 | suân | garlic | Chinese (Old/Mid) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 512503 | 5494 | 482 | swân | garlic | Chinese (Old/Mid) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 99 | 0 | |
| 20242 | 5494 | 480 | swɑ̂n | garlic | Chinese (Old/Mid) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Chou 72 | ACST | 175b | 0 | |
| 36908 | m,5494 | 1011 | dah suahn | garlic | Chinese (Mandarin) | 55 | 9.0.3 | Modern Chinese | 0 | Sun J 85 ChGl | JS-Ch | 299 | 0 |
蒜 OC *swɑ̂n, GSR #175b; Mand. suàn.