STEDT Etymon #3462
1.0 The Body > 1.9 Reproductive System > 1.9.4 Breast
#3462 PTB *s(y)awk BREAST / SUCK / DRINK |
This root is quite widespread, and covers a broad semantic range, from BREAST to SUCK to DRINK (any liquid). By a relatively recent extension of meaning, this root is also used for SMOKE (tobacco), and thence for TOBACCO itself (as in Lahu).1
There is a promising Chinese comparandum 欶, Mand. shuò proposed by Coblin (1986:144). In Matisoff 1970 (#57) I suggested that WB sok (also transcribable as sauk) ‘drink, smoke’ and Lahu šú ‘tobacco’ were cognate. I still believe that to be correct, even though in Matisoff 1988:1192 (The Dictionary of Lahu) I entertained an alternative comparison with WB hrup ‘snuff up; sniff; sip; sup’. It now looks as if WB hrup might be related rather to Chinese 呷 (OC *hrap, Mand. xiā) ‘to drink in with a sucking movement’, cited in Coblin 1986:43. This seems preferable semantically and phonologically to Coblin’s comparison of the Chinese form to WB hap ‘bite at’ < PTB *hap [STC #89].
| rn | analysis | lgid | reflex | gloss | gfn | language | grpid | grpno | grp | genetic | citation | srcabbr | srcid | rn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 77546 | 3462 | 168 | sr+uk | suck / drink | *Sino-Tibetan | 1 | 0 | Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Coblin 86 | WSC-SH | 144 | 0 | |
| 162765 | 3462 | 1035 | sʻuk² | breasts | Matupi | 69 | 1.2.1.2 | Southern Plains Chin | 1 | Luce 85 | GHL-PPB | P.17 | 0 | |
| 162769 | 3462 | 1633 | soʔ³ | breasts | Womatu | 69 | 1.2.1.2 | Southern Plains Chin | 1 | Luce 85 | GHL-PPB | P.17 | 0 | |
| 162767 | 3462 | 1508 | sʻuk⁴ | breasts | Tha'oa | 71 | 1.2.3 | Maraic | 1 | Luce 85 | GHL-PPB | P.17 | 0 | |
| 47050 | m,3462 | 1063 | cho-sòk- | suck | v. | Mikir [Karbi] | 14 | 1.5 | Mikir [Karbi] | 1 | Grüssner 79 BP | KHG-MikirQ | 73 | 0 |
| 145060 | 3462 | 581 | sok | breast; man's nipple | Garo (Bangladesh) | 81 | 1.7.1.2 | Garo | 1 | Burling 92 GaBa | RB-GB | 0 | ||
| 145061 | 3462,3463,298 | 581 | sok-bit-chi | breast milk; mother's milk | Garo (Bangladesh) | 81 | 1.7.1.2 | Garo | 1 | Burling 92 GaBa | RB-GB | 0 | ||
| 145062 | 3462,m,1352 | 581 | sok-kit-ti | nipple | Garo (Bangladesh) | 81 | 1.7.1.2 | Garo | 1 | Burling 92 GaBa | RB-GB | 0 | ||
| 240319 | 3462 | 1188 | jok | drink | v | Nocte | 84 | 1.7.2.1 | Tangsa-Nocte | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | |
| 164275 | 3462,1019 | 566 | sɔʔ⁴ʃi¹ | breasts | Ganan | 40 | 1.7.3.2 | Asakian | 1 | Luce 85 | GHL-PPB | L.146 | 0 | |
| 164276 | 3462,1019 | 720 | sôk³ʃi³ | breasts | Kadu (Kantu) | 40 | 1.7.3.2 | Asakian | 1 | Luce 85 | GHL-PPB | L.146 | 0 | |
| 164274 | p,3462 | 1355 | ă◦suʔ² | breasts | Sak (Dodem) | 40 | 1.7.3.2 | Asakian | 1 | Luce 85 | GHL-PPB | L.146 | 0 | |
| 128237 | 3462,m | 378 | thruk◦ca | nurse / suckle | v | Bunan | 20 | 2.1.1 | Western Himalayish | 0 | Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu | SBN-BunQ | 5.4.6 | 0 |
| 51060 | 3462 | 327 | soN | drink in a gulp | Bantawa | 76 | 2.3.2 | Southern Kiranti | 1 | Rai 85 BnDs | NKR-Bant | 0 | ||
| 64169 | 3462,m | 449 | syuŋʔ-sa | suck | Chepang | 28 | 2.4 | Kham-Magar-Chepang | 1 | Caughley 72 CVoc | SIL-Chep | 6.B.2.2 | 0 | |
| 130132 | p,p,3462 | 616 | ka◦mə◦scçok | suck | v | rGyalrong (Eastern) | 78 | 3.3.1 | rGyalrong | 1 | Sun H 91 rEQ | SHK-rGEQ | 5.4.5 | 0 |
| 38622 | 3462 | 201 | suʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Achang (Lianghe) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 85 AcJZ | JZ-Achang | 0 | ||
| 38487 | 3462 | 204 | ʂoʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Achang (Longchuan) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 85 AcJZ | JZ-Achang | 0 | ||
| 413613 | 3462 | 1824 | ʂoʔ⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Achang (Longchuan) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.28 | 0 |
| 207213 | 3462 | 200 | ʂoʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Achang (Longchuan) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 534.41 | 0 | |
| 38760 | 3462 | 207 | suʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Achang (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 85 AcJZ | JZ-Achang | 0 | ||
| 17544 | 3462 | 209 | ʂuʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Achang (Xiandao) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 89 Xian | DQ-Xiandao | 1895 | 0 | |
| 413614 | 3462 | 1825 | ʂuʔ⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Achang (Xiandao) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.29 | 0 |
| 13291 | 3462 | 370 | ʃauʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Bola | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 89 Bola | DQ-Bola | 1895 | 0 | |
| 413617 | 3462 | 1829 | ʃauʔ⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Bola (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.32 | 0 |
| 413612 | 3462 | 1823 | tθɑuʔ⁴ | drink | v. | Burmese (Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.27 | 0 |
| 207238 | 3462 | 1428 | tθɑuʔ⁴⁴ | drink | Burmese (Spoken Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 534.40 | 0 | |
| 303883 | 3462 | 409 | sauk | drink | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 76n232 | 0 | |
| 240337 | 3462 | 392 | sok | drink | v | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | |
| 164924 | 3462 | 393 | sok | drink / suck in | v. | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Luce 85 | GHL-PPB | Y.58 | 0 |
| 437479 | 3462 | 406 | sok | drink, smoke | v. | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 76 WBur | PKB-WBRD | 0 | |
| 76435 | 3462 | 410 | sok | drink | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Coblin 86 | WSC-SH | 144 | 0 | |
| 207212 | 3462 | 411 | thɔk | drink | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 534.39 | 0 | |
| 413611 | 3462 | 1822 | tθɔk⁴ | drink | v. | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.26 | 0 |
| 437480 | p,3462 | 406 | ə-sok- | drink, smoke | v. | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 76 WBur | PKB-WBRD | 0 | |
| 233766 | 3462 | 653 | ʃòʔ | drink | Hpun (Northern) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Henderson 86 Hpun | EJAH-Hpun | 0 | ||
| 413616 | 3462 | 1828 | ʃauk⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Langsu (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.31 | 0 |
| 15492 | 3462 | 886 | ʃu:k⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Lashi | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 89 Lash | DQ-Lashi | 3.7.7 | 0 |
| 413618 | 3462 | 1830 | ʃuːk⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Leqi (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.33 | 0 |
| 452715 | 3462 | 1965 | θɔʔ | drink | Marma | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huziwara 08 Sak | HK-Sak | 86 | 0 | |
| 15238 | 3462 | 1024 | ʃauk⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Maru [Langsu] | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 89 Lang | DQ-Langsu | 3.7.7 | 0 |
| 207214 | 3462 | 1034 | ʃauk⁵⁵ | drink | Maru [Langsu] | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 534.43 | 0 | |
| 44111 | 3462 | 1686 | ʃuʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Atsi [Zaiwa] | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Xu 84 Zaiwa | JZ-Zaiwa | 0 | ||
| 413615 | 3462 | 1827 | ʃuʔ⁵⁵ | drink | v. | Atsi [Zaiwa] | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.30 | 0 |
| 207239 | 3462 | 1693 | ʃuʔ⁵⁵ | drink | Atsi [Zaiwa] | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 534.42 | 0 | |
| 11377 | 3462 | 152 | C-ʃukᴸ| | tobacco | *Loloish | 45 | 6.1.2 | Loloish | 1 | Bradley 79 PLo | DB-PLolo | 406B | 0 | |
| 207215 | 3462 | 1215 | ɕhu̱⁵⁵ | drink | Nusu (Bijiang) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 534.45 | 0 | |
| 42421 | 3462 | 1220 | ɕu³¹ | drink | Nusu (Southern) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun J 86 Nusu | JZ-Nusu | 0 | ||
| 16107 | 3462 | 1218 | ɕu̱³¹ | drink | Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Dai 89 NusA | DQ-NusuA | 1895. | 0 | |
| 42703 | 3462 | 1217 | ɕʰu̱⁵⁵ | drink | Nusu (Central) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun J 86 Nusu | JZ-Nusu | 0 | ||
| 16354 | 3462 | 1216 | ʂu̱⁵³ | drink | Nusu (Central) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Dai 89 NusB | DQ-NusuB | 1895. | 0 | |
| 413619 | 3462 | 1831 | ʂu̱⁵³ | drink | v. | Nusu (Central) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1370.34 | 0 |
| 42561 | 3462 | 1219 | ʂu̱⁵⁵ | drink | Nusu (Northern) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun J 86 Nusu | JZ-Nusu | 0 | ||
| 311405 | 3462 | 831 | šú | tobacco | Lahu (Black) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Matisoff 88 DL | JAM-DL | 1192 | 0 | |
| 191042 | 3462 | 851 | su³⁵ | tobacco | Lahu (Black) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 217.33 | 0 | |
| 302141 | 3462 | 856 | su⁴ | tobacco | Lahu (Yellow) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Chang 86 | JZ-Lahu | 0 | ||
| 311406 | 3462 | 1770 | shuˆ | sniff up (as salt water for runny nose) | Akha | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Lewis 68 AEDc | PL-AED | 0 | ||
| 311407 | 3462 | 228 | sjuq | sniff; smell; suck | Akha | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Hansson 89 AHKP | ILH-PL | 0 | ||
| 77547 | 3462 | 478 | sruk | suck / drink | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Coblin 86 | WSC-SH | 144 | 0 | |
| 77548 | 3462 | 468 | ṣåk | suck, inhale | Chinese (Middle) | 54 | 9.0.2 | Middle Chinese | 0 | Coblin 86 | WSC-SH | 144 | 0 |
欶 OC *sŭk, GSR #1222o ‘suck’; Li 1971: *sruk; Baxter 1992: *srok; Mand. shuò.
Gong 1995 #279 reconstructed *rsuk. In Li’s system another possibility is *sthruk, by analogy with 束 ‘bundle’, Mand. shù which is reconstructed *sthjuk to account for the presence in this series of 誎 / 促 ‘urge on’, Mand. cù < *tshjuk. Schuessler 1987:567 reconstructed 束 shù ‘bundle’ as *?‑juk to indicate that the initial is uncertain, and in 2007:473 suggests a pre-Old Chinese form *C‑sok.
This comparison is made in Coblin 1986:144.
The vowel correspondence is problematic. OC *‑uk (Li)/*‑ok (Baxter) normally corresponds to PTB *‑uk, as in 曲 ‘bend/crooked’, PTB *guk~*kuk, OC *khjuk (Li)/*kh(r)jok (Baxter), Mand qū, qǔ.
[ZJH]
呷 OC *χap (not in GSR #629), ‘to drink with a sucking movement’; Li 1971: *hrap; Baxter 1992: *xrap; Mand. xiā.
The Middle Chinese vocalism dictates an Old Chinese reconstruction with medial *‑r‑, but Schuessler 2007:526 has *hap, arguing that the MC vocalism may be due to “sound symbolism or archaistic colloquialism”. This enables him to make a comparison with PTB *hap [STC #89] as well as with Austroasiatic forms of similar shape.
Matisoff’s proposal that 呷 xiā is instead cognate to WB hrup ‘snuff up; sniff; sip; sup’ provides a better match for Chinese *‑r‑, but the vocalism is problematic. We would expect a Burmese cognate in ‑ap < PTB *‑ap. Of course, given the likelihood of sound symbolism in words with these semantics, irregular correspondences are to be expected. It is therefore not an easy matter to decide if Chinese 呷 xiā is better compared to PTB *hap or WB hrup, or if the similarity of phonological shape is not due to cognacy at all.
[ZJH]