9.0 Shape, Size, Color, Measure, Number, Time, Space > 9.9 Numbers and numeric expression

#2355 PTB *m-kul TWENTY / ALL

Reconstructed mesoroots below:

STC originally set up two separate roots: *kun ALL (#10) and *m‑kul TWENTY (#397). However, the discovery of the Karbi pair koi ‘all’ / iŋ‑koi ‘twenty’ made it clear that a single etymon is involved, with an original meaning like “such a large number that one has to use all the fingers and toes to count up to it.”

This root may also be connected semantically with #201 PTB *m‑kal*s‑gal BACK (lower) / KIDNEY / LOAD / CARRY.

rnanalysislgidreflexglossgfnlanguagegrpidgrpnogrpgeneticcitationsrcabbrsrcidrn
82632355175(m-)|kultwenty (unit)*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
51526023552012kunall*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5970
719582355182kunused up, all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Benedict 72 STCSTC100
52921723552032m-|kultwenty / all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk0
51525523552012m-|kultwenty / all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5970
723472355182m-|kultwenty, all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Benedict 72 STCSTC3970
50035123551920kulTWENTY*Chin81.2Kuki-Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC3200
7141523551420kultwenty, allSiyin681.2.1.1Northern Chin1Benedict 72 STCSTC3970
44306523551948goˊˊtwentyAsho691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC3200
64022355291twentyAsho691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
64032355291gó̵twentyAsho691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
44942123551957m̩kɔtwentyChinbon691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL2190
44306423551928m-|kutwentyCho (Mindat)691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC3200
44837923551953m̩kutwentyDaai691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL2190
449701m,23551958pḁ◦kultwentyMatu691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL2190
449160m,23551956pḁ◦kuⁱtwentyMkaang691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL2190
44891123551955m̩kutwentyNgmüün691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL2190
44864723551954m̩kutwentyNyhmoye691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL2190
44306323551947kûltwentyLai (Hakha)701.2.2Central Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC3200
714162355,2355621kul ⪤ kwetwenty, allLai (Hakha)701.2.2Central Chin1Benedict 72 STCSTC3970
443062m,23551921pa-kìtwentyLakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC3200
61924223552229mu-|kjuTWENTY*Central Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.0830
61981923552226mə²|tsə²twentynum.Ao (Chungli)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.0830
3113382355,2436,m,p,2505273mükyi-mü◦pen-te◦niseventeenAo (Mongsen: Longchang)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL 1
2580462355,2436,m,2259273mükyi◦mü◦pen◦tsiteighteenAo (Mongsen: Longchang)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
45140623551963məkiTWENTYAo (Mongsen: Mangmetong)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Coupe 07 AoARC-GMA1130
4514072355,m1963məki-kitwenty eachAo (Mongsen: Mangmetong)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Coupe 07 AoARC-GMA2760
62044423552231mju¹|kjuʔ¹twentynum.Lotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.0830
64052355962¹mi¹gü|twentyLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
61820823552205mükyütwentySangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 SangBBK-Sangtam0
6204662355,m,p,25042205mükyü-pü-a◦nyütwenty twoSangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 SangBBK-Sangtam0
6182092355,m,2301,m2205mükyü-pü◦khü◦tutwenty-oneSangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 SangBBK-Sangtam0
61849523552206mukutwentyYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 YimBBK-Yim990
640423551671²mu²gu [²]|twentyYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
63952355257²me³|pfɯtwentyAngami Naga651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
2580432355,m,m252meku◦pomo◦thethaeighteenAngami (Khonoma)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
3113352355,m,p,2505252meku◦pom◦the◦naseventeenAngami (Khonoma)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
639923551016²ma²kei|twentyMao651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
2580532355,m,m1050mükwe◦shun-tüzeeighteenMeluri651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
3113412355,m,2505?1050mükwe◦shun◦terüseventeenMeluri651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
640023551337¹mi³gwẽ|twentyRengma (Northern)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
640123551338¹n⁴|kitwentyRengma (Southern)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
640623551381¹mu³ku|twentySema [Sumi]651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
639723551695¹n¹kai|twentyZeme641.3.3Zeme Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
52894423552031kultwenty*Tangkhulic661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk5080
525503m,23552023mə-kɐntwenty / scoreHuishu661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkNumbers.0140
525009m,23552022mə-kwitwentyKachai661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkNumbers.0140
30686823551470twentyTangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Bhat 69 TNVBhat-TNV990
639623551469¹mə¹kə|twentyTangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
620901m,2355,m2024mə-ku-hetwentyTusom661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkNumbers.0140
526668m,23552025mə-kutwentyUkhrul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk0
30300823551047kulscore (twenty)Meithei131.4Meithei1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n230
639823551038kùntwentyMeithei131.4Meithei1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
303006p,2355,x,p,23551068iŋ-kol > iŋ-koiscore (twenty)Mikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n230
6394p,23551060iŋ◦kòitwentyMikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
71414p,2355,p,23551068iŋ◦kol ⪤ iŋ◦koitwenty, allMikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Benedict 72 STCSTC3970
30312623551068koiall (iŋkoi=20 < iŋkol)Mikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Benedict 72 STCSTC18n640
714132355534khontwenty, allDimasa801.7.1.1Bodo1Benedict 72 STCSTC3970
557472355803krutwentyKokborok801.7.1.1Bodo1Tripuri 88PT-Kok0
714122355,2355579khol ⪤ khaltwenty, allGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC3970
3030072355579kolscore (twenty)Garo811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n230
63932355568kol◦griktwentyGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
46678223551945kol-griktwentynumGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG3.3720-II:idx0
47466923551973kholtwentynumAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
47467123551973kholetwenty (only used in compound numerals)numAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
47467023551973khol◦changtwenty, used only in compound numeralsnumAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
47467623551973khol◦gryktwenty (loan from Garo, used frequently)numAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
47467523551973khol◦gyktwenty (used infrequently)numAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
714112355685khuntwenty, allJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Benedict 72 STCSTC3970
3030092355686khun < khulscore (twenty)Jingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n230
3347942355679khun³³twentyJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Liu 84JZ-Jingpo0
38700723551814khun³³twentynumJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0816.190
2274122355690khun³³twentyJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC930.470
3347952355679khun³³lă⁵ŋai³¹twenty oneJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Liu 84JZ-Jingpo0
2274632355690khun⁵⁵lă⁵⁵ŋai⁵¹twenty-oneJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC931.470
63922355667²khuntwentyJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
2651742409,2355721li◦thaleightyKaike222.1.2Bodic1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.200
2651272504,2355721nghe thālfortyKaike222.1.2Bodic1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.160
16916623551095khai-thurtwentyTsangla (Central)222.1.2Bodic1Andvik 93EA-Tsh1620
2276482355,26661088khai samsixtyTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC935.70
22739323551088khai thortwentyTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC930.70
22744423551088khai thor daŋ thortwenty-oneTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC931.70
29735223551085kʻai⁵⁵tʻor⁵⁵twentyTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Zhang Jichuan 86JZ-CLMenba0
29790423551089khei-thurtwentyTsangla (Tilang)222.1.2Bodic1Zhang Jichuan 86JZ-CLMenba0
29877323551093khɑ⁵⁵li⁵⁵twentyTshona (Wenlang)222.1.2Bodic1Lu 86 CuoMJZ-CNMenba0
29877423551093khɑ⁵⁵li⁵⁵thi⁵⁵twenty oneTshona (Wenlang)222.1.2Bodic1Lu 86 CuoMJZ-CNMenba0
2277742355,24091092chɛʔ⁵³pli⁵³eightyTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC937.60
2278252355,2409,27481092chɛʔ⁵³pli⁵³tɕi⁵³ninetyTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC938.60
22741723551092khᴀ⁵⁵li⁵³twentyTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC930.60
22746823551092khᴀ⁵⁵li⁵³theʔ⁵³twenty-oneTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC931.60
38699523551851khai thortwentynumMotuo Menba222.1.2Bodic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0816.070
639123551498khe◦thurtwentyTashigang222.1.2Bodic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
38699423551850kha⁵⁵li⁵³twentynumCuona Menba222.1.2Bodic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0816.060
638823551356khāl-twentySakka Trokpa242.1.2.1Tibetan1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
358102355,s1584kən-boallTibetan (Amdo:Zeku)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 AmdoJS-Amdo100
638623551551khāl-twentyTibetan (Central)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
2650912355,m,m,2364701khāl-jyik-tāngq 'gutwenty-nineTibetan (Jirel)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.130
2650792355701khāl-jyik-tāngq 'nyiqtwenty-twoTibetan (Jirel)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.120
2651162355,m,m,m,2364701khal-jyik-tangq cyur◦guqthirty-nineTibetan (Jirel)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.150
2651762355,m1402'khal-geeightyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.200
638723551403khāl-twentySherpa242.1.2.1Tibetan1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
2652182355,m1402khal-čithambāqhundredTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.240
2652292355,m,m,25041402khal-čithambāq 'tangq nhundred and twoTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.250
2652402355,m,26661402khal-čup◦sumhundred and thirtyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.260
2652512355,m1402khal-čur◦khuhundred and ninetyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.270
2651652355,m1402khal-dinseventyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.190
2651872355,23641402khal-guninetyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.210
2651972355,2364,m,m1402khal-gu 'tangq 'geninety-eightTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.220
2652072355,2364,m,23641402khal-gu 'tangq guninety-nineTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.230
2651292355,m1402khal-ǰifortyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.160
26506723551402khal-ǰiktwentyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.110
26511723551402khal-ǰik 'tangq čurkhuthirty-nineTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.150
2651042355,m,m,m,27261402khal-ǰik 'tangq ču◦čikqthirty-oneTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.140
2650922355,m,m,23641402khal-ǰik 'tangq gutwenty-nineTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.130
2650802355,m,m,25041402khal-ǰik 'tangq ngyiqtwenty-twoTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.120
2651412355,13061402khal-ngāqfiftyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.170
2651532355,26211402khal-TuksixtyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.180
24042223551564kuneachTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
30303223551578kunallTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Benedict 72 STCSTC15n530
375942355,s1575kun.poallTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 TbGlJS-Tib100
26506123551457khāl 'ki:htwentyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.110
26508623551457khāl 'ki:h syi 'kutwenty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.130
2650742355,m,m,25041457khāl 'ki:h syi 'nyi:htwenty-twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.120
26511123551457khāl 'ki:h syi 'unnāisthirty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.150
2652452355,m,m,m1457khāl 'ku syi 'cihundred and ninetyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.270
2652232355,m,m,25041457khāl 'ngah syi 'nyi:hhundred and twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.250
2652342355,m,m,m1457khāl 'Tu:h syi 'cihundred and thirtyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.260
26525623551457khāl cihundred, twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.280
2652122355,m1457khāl ngāhhundredTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.240
638523551458khal-'giːʱtwentyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT7530
12355323551464kʰal 'kiːhtwentyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.110
12355523551464kʰal 'kiːh syi 'kutwenty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.130
1235542355,m,m,25041464kʰal 'kiːh syi 'nyiːhtwenty-twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.120
12355723551464kʰal 'kiːh syi unnaisthirty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.150
1235702355,m,m,m1464kʰal 'ku syi 'cihundred and ninety / 190Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.270
1235692355,m,m,m1464kʰal 'Tuːh syi 'cihundred and thirty / 130Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.260
1235682355,m,m,25041464kʰal 'ŋah syi 'nyiːhhundred and two / 102Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.250
12357123551464kʰal citwo hundredTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.280
1235662355,m1464kʰal ŋahhundredTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.240
619522355822kha◦lətwenty, scoreKulung762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Rai 75 KulRPHH-Kul0
2884382355,2355201kɯŋ⁵⁵kɯŋ⁵⁵all / evenAchang (Lianghe)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang0
2876142355,2355207kəŋ⁵⁵kəŋ⁵¹all / evenAchang (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang0
3030392355409ăkunallBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC15n540
692662355409kuncome to an end, be used upv.Burmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC100
439142p,2355406ə-kunall; the wholeBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD0

Chinese comparandum

羣 OC *g’i̯wən, GSR #459d-e ‘flock, group; all’; Schuessler 2007:438 *gun; B & S 2011: *ɡur {[ɡ]ur}; Mand. qún.
昆 OC *kwən, GSR #417a-b ‘swarm (insects)’; Schuessler 2007:438 *kûn; B & S 2011: *kˁun {kˁu[n]}; Mand. kūn.


^ 1.
This is an excellent example of the original “overcounting” numeral system of Mongsen Ao (cf. Coupe 2007, Clark 1893). The individual morphemes are are as follows: ‘twenty-NEG-be.complete-seven’, i.e. “the seven before the twenty”.