9.0 Shape, Size, Color, Measure, Number, Time, Space > 9.9 Numbers and numeric expression

#2355 PTB *m-kul TWENTY / ALL

Reconstructed mesoroots below:

STC originally set up two separate roots: *kun ALL (#10) and *m‑kul TWENTY (#397). However, the discovery of the Karbi pair koi ‘all’ / iŋ‑koi ‘twenty’ made it clear that a single etymon is involved, with an original meaning like “such a large number that one has to use all the fingers and toes to count up to it.”

This root may also be connected semantically with #201 PTB *m‑kal*s‑gal BACK (lower) / KIDNEY / LOAD / CARRY.

formglossgfnlanguagesourcesrcidnotes
0.1 Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)
82632355175(m-)kultwenty (unit)*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
51526023552012kunall*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB597
719582355182kunused up, all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Benedict 72 STCSTC10
52921723552032m-kultwenty / all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk
51525523552012m-kultwenty / all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB597
723472355182m-kultwenty, all*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Benedict 72 STCSTC397
1 NE Indian Areal Group
1.2 Kuki-ChinPKC *kul TWENTY
50035123551920kulTWENTY*Chin81.2Kuki-Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC320
1.2.1 Peripheral Chin
1.2.1.1 Northern Chin
7141523551420kultwenty, allSiyin681.2.1.1Northern Chin1Benedict 72 STCSTC397
1.2.1.2 Southern Plains Chin
44306523551948goˊˊtwentyAsho691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC320
64022355291twentyAsho691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
64032355291gó̵twentyAsho691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
44942123551957m̩kɔtwentyChinbon691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL219
44306423551928m-kutwentyCho (Mindat)691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC320
44837923551953m̩kutwentyDaai691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL219
449701m, 23551958pḁkultwentyMatu691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL219
449160m, 23551956pḁkuⁱtwentyMkaang691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL219
44891123551955m̩kutwentyNgmüün691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL219
44864723551954m̩kutwentyNyhmoye691.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1So-Hartmann 88 ChinHSH-SCL219
1.2.2 Central Chin
44306323551947kûltwentyLai (Hakha)701.2.2Central Chin1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC320
714162355, 2355621kulkwetwenty, allLai (Hakha)701.2.2Central Chin1Benedict 72 STCSTC397
1.2.3 Maraic
443062m, 23551921pa-twentyLakher [Mara]711.2.3Maraic1VanBik 09 PKCKVB-PKC320
1.3 “Naga” Areal Group
1.3.1 Central Naga (Ao Group)PCN *mu-kju TWENTY
61924223552229mu-kjuTWENTY*Central Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.083
61981923552226mə²tsə²twentynum.Ao (Chungli)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.083
3113382355, 2436, m, p, 2505273mükyi-pen-teniseventeenAo (Mongsen: Longchang)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL1
2580462355, 2436, m, 2259273mükyipentsiteighteenAo (Mongsen: Longchang)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
45140623551963məkiTWENTYAo (Mongsen: Mangmetong)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Coupe 07 AoARC-GMA113
4514072355, m1963məki-kitwenty eachAo (Mongsen: Mangmetong)631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Coupe 07 AoARC-GMA276
62044423552231mju¹kjuʔ¹twentynum.Lotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.083
64052355962¹mi¹gütwentyLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
61820823552205mükyütwentySangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 SangBBK-Sangtam
6204662355, m, p, 25042205mükyü--anyütwenty twoSangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 SangBBK-Sangtam
6182092355, m, 2301, m2205mükyü-khütutwenty-oneSangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 SangBBK-Sangtam
61849523552206mukutwentyYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 YimBBK-Yim99
640423551671²mu²gu [²]twentyYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
1.3.2 Angami-Pochuri Group
63952355257²me³pfɯtwentyAngami Naga651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
2580432355, m, m252mekupomothethaeighteenAngami (Khonoma)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
3113352355, m, p, 2505252mekupomthenaseventeenAngami (Khonoma)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
639923551016²ma²keitwentyMao651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
2580532355, m, m1050mükweshun-tüzeeighteenMeluri651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
3113412355, m, 2505?1050mükweshunterüseventeenMeluri651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
640023551337¹mi³gwẽtwentyRengma (Northern)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
640123551338¹n⁴kitwentyRengma (Southern)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
640623551381¹mu³kutwentySema [Sumi]651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
1.3.3 Zeme Group
639723551695¹n¹kaitwentyZeme641.3.3Zeme Group1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
1.3.4 TangkhulicPTk *kul TWENTY
52894423552031kultwenty*Tangkhulic661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk508
525503m, 23552023-kɐntwenty / scoreHuishu661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkNumbers.014
525009m, 23552022-kwitwentyKachai661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkNumbers.014
30686823551470twentyTangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Bhat 69 TNVBhat-TNV99
639623551469¹mə¹kətwentyTangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
620901m, 2355, m2024-ku-hetwentyTusom661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkNumbers.014
526668m, 23552025-kutwentyUkhrul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk
1.4 Meithei
30300823551047kulscore (twenty)Meithei131.4Meithei1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n23
639823551038kùntwentyMeithei131.4Meithei1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
1.5 Mikir [Karbi]
303006p, 2355, x, p, 23551068-kol > -koiscore (twenty)Mikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n23
6394p, 23551060kòitwentyMikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
71414p, 2355, p, 23551068kolkoitwenty, allMikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Benedict 72 STCSTC397
30312623551068koiall (iŋkoi=20 < iŋkol)Mikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Benedict 72 STCSTC18n64
1.7 Sal
1.7.1 Bodo-Garo
1.7.1.1 Bodo
714132355534khontwenty, allDimasa801.7.1.1Bodo1Benedict 72 STCSTC397
557472355803krutwentyKokborok801.7.1.1Bodo1Tripuri 88PT-Kok
1.7.1.2 Garo
714122355, 2355579kholkhaltwenty, allGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC397
3030072355579kolscore (twenty)Garo811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n23
63932355568kolgriktwentyGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
46678223551945kol-griktwentynumGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG3.3720-II:idx
1.7.1.3 Koch
47466923551973kholtwentynumAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA
47467123551973kholetwenty (only used in compound numerals)numAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA
47467023551973kholchangtwenty, used only in compound numeralsnumAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA
47467623551973kholgryktwenty (loan from Garo, used frequently)numAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA
47467523551973kholgyktwenty (used infrequently)numAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA
1.7.3 Jingpho-Asakian
1.7.3.1 Jingpho
714112355685khuntwenty, allJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Benedict 72 STCSTC397
3030092355686khun < khulscore (twenty)Jingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Benedict 72 STCSTC7n23
3347942355679khun³³twentyJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Liu 84JZ-Jingpo
38700723551814khun³³twentynumJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0816.19
2274122355690khun³³twentyJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC930.47
3347952355679khun³³lă⁵ŋai³¹twenty oneJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Liu 84JZ-Jingpo
2274632355690khun⁵⁵lă⁵⁵ŋai⁵¹twenty-oneJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC931.47
63922355667²khuntwentyJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
2 Himalayish
2.1 Tibeto-Kanauri
2.1.2 Bodic
2651742409, 2355721lithaleightyKaike222.1.2Bodic1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.20
2651272504, 2355721nghe thālfortyKaike222.1.2Bodic1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.16
16916623551095khai-thurtwentyTsangla (Central)222.1.2Bodic1Andvik 93EA-Tsh162
2276482355, 26661088khai samsixtyTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC935.7
22739323551088khai thortwentyTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC930.7
22744423551088khai thor daŋ thortwenty-oneTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC931.7
29735223551085kʻai⁵⁵tʻor⁵⁵twentyTsangla (Motuo)222.1.2Bodic1Zhang Jichuan 86JZ-CLMenba
29790423551089khei-thurtwentyTsangla (Tilang)222.1.2Bodic1Zhang Jichuan 86JZ-CLMenba
29877323551093khɑ⁵⁵li⁵⁵twentyTshona (Wenlang)222.1.2Bodic1Lu 86 CuoMJZ-CNMenba
29877423551093khɑ⁵⁵li⁵⁵thi⁵⁵twenty oneTshona (Wenlang)222.1.2Bodic1Lu 86 CuoMJZ-CNMenba
2277742355, 24091092chɛʔ⁵³pli⁵³eightyTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC937.6
2278252355, 2409, 27481092chɛʔ⁵³pli⁵³tɕi⁵³ninetyTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC938.6
22741723551092khᴀ⁵⁵li⁵³twentyTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC930.6
22746823551092khᴀ⁵⁵li⁵³theʔ⁵³twenty-oneTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC931.6
38699523551851khai thortwentynumMotuo Menba222.1.2Bodic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0816.07
639123551498khethurtwentyTashigang222.1.2Bodic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
38699423551850kha⁵⁵li⁵³twentynumCuona Menba222.1.2Bodic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0816.06
2.1.2.1 Tibetan
638823551356khāl-twentySakka Trokpa242.1.2.1Tibetan1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
358102355, s1584kən-boallTibetan (Amdo:Zeku)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 AmdoJS-Amdo10
638623551551khāl-twentyTibetan (Central)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
2650912355, m, m, 2364701khāl-jyik-tāngq 'gutwenty-nineTibetan (Jirel)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.13
2650792355701khāl-jyik-tāngq 'nyiqtwenty-twoTibetan (Jirel)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.12
2651162355, m, m, m, 2364701khal-jyik-tangq cyurguqthirty-nineTibetan (Jirel)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.15
2651762355, m1402'khal-geeightyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.20
638723551403khāl-twentySherpa242.1.2.1Tibetan1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
2652182355, m1402khal-čithambāqhundredTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.24
2652292355, m, m, 25041402khal-čithambāq 'tangq nhundred and twoTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.25
2652402355, m, 26661402khal-čupsumhundred and thirtyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.26
2652512355, m1402khal-čurkhuhundred and ninetyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.27
2651652355, m1402khal-dinseventyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.19
2651872355, 23641402khal-guninetyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.21
2651972355, 2364, m, m1402khal-gu 'tangq 'geninety-eightTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.22
2652072355, 2364, m, 23641402khal-gu 'tangq guninety-nineTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.23
2651292355, m1402khal-ǰifortyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.16
26506723551402khal-ǰiktwentyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.11
2651042355, m, m, m, 27261402khal-ǰik 'tangq čučikqthirty-oneTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.14
26511723551402khal-ǰik 'tangq čurkhuthirty-nineTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.15
2650922355, m, m, 23641402khal-ǰik 'tangq gutwenty-nineTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.13
2650802355, m, m, 25041402khal-ǰik 'tangq ngyiqtwenty-twoTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.12
2651412355, 13061402khal-ngāqfiftyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.17
2651532355, 26211402khal-TuksixtyTibetan (Sherpa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.18
24042223551564kuneachTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL
30303223551578kunallTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Benedict 72 STCSTC15n53
375942355, s1575kun.poallTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun J 85 TbGlJS-Tib10
2.1.4 Tamangish
26506123551457khāl 'ki:htwentyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.11
26508623551457khāl 'ki:h syi 'kutwenty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.13
2650742355, m, m, 25041457khāl 'ki:h syi 'nyi:htwenty-twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.12
26511123551457khāl 'ki:h syi 'unnāisthirty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.15
2652452355, m, m, m1457khāl 'ku syi 'cihundred and ninetyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.27
2652232355, m, m, 25041457khāl 'ngah syi 'nyi:hhundred and twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.25
2652342355, m, m, m1457khāl 'Tu:h syi 'cihundred and thirtyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.26
26525623551457khāl cihundred, twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.28
2652122355, m1457khāl ngāhhundredTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Hale 73 CSDAH-CSDPN09.24
638523551458khal-'giːʱtwentyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT753
12355323551464kʰal 'kiːhtwentyTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.11
12355523551464kʰal 'kiːh syi 'kutwenty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.13
1235542355, m, m, 25041464kʰal 'kiːh syi 'nyiːhtwenty-twoTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.12
12355723551464kʰal 'kiːh syi unnaisthirty-nineTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.15
1235702355, m, m, m1464kʰal 'ku syi 'cihundred and ninety / 190Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.27
1235692355, m, m, m1464kʰal 'Tuːh syi 'cihundred and thirty / 130Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.26
1235682355, m, m, 25041464kʰal 'ŋah syi 'nyiːhhundred and two / 102Tamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.25
12357123551464kʰal citwo hundredTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.28
1235662355, m1464kʰal ŋahhundredTamang (Sahu)232.1.4Tamangish1Taylor 72 TmVoSIL-Sahu9.24
2.3 Kiranti
2.3.2 Southern Kiranti
619522355822khatwenty, scoreKulung762.3.2Southern Kiranti1Rai 75 KulRPHH-Kul
6 Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
6.1 Lolo-Burmese
6.1.1 Burmish
2884382355, 2355201kɯŋ⁵⁵kɯŋ⁵⁵all / evenAchang (Lianghe)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang
2876142355, 2355207kəŋ⁵⁵kəŋ⁵¹all / evenAchang (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang
3030392355409ăkunallBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC15n54
692662355409kuncome to an end, be used upv.Burmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC10
439142p, 2355406ə-kunall; the wholeBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD

Chinese comparandum

羣 OC *g’i̯wən, GSR #459d-e ‘flock, group; all’; Schuessler 2007:438 *gun; B & S 2011: *ɡur {[ɡ]ur}; Mand. qún.
昆 OC *kwən, GSR #417a-b ‘swarm (insects)’; Schuessler 2007:438 *kûn; B & S 2011: *kˁun {kˁu[n]}; Mand. kūn.


^ 1.
This is an excellent example of the original “overcounting” numeral system of Mongsen Ao (cf. Coupe 2007, Clark 1893). The individual morphemes are are as follows: ‘twenty-NEG-be.complete-seven’, i.e. “the seven before the twenty”.