6.0 Verbs of Motion, of Manipulation, and of Production > 6.1 Action Verbs without Patient > 6.1.1 Affect > 6.1.1.4 Lie (down) > 6.1.1.4.2 Fall

#2315 PTB *(k/g)la-k/y/t FALL

Reconstructed mesoroots below:

PKC *klaa-I, klaak-II FALL / DROP (v.i.)
PKC *khlaa-I, khlaak-II DROP (v.t.) / LET FALL
PTk *loj FALL (FROM A HEIGHT)
PLB *gla-y³ ⪤ ʔgla-y¹ FALL

A number of languages (e.g., Burmese, Mizo) have developed simplex/causative pairs from this etymon.

rn	analysis	lgid	reflex	gloss	gfn	language	grpid	grpno	grp	genetic	citation	srcabbr	srcid
30456	2315,2315	177	glay ⪤ klay	fall		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
7743	2315	175	kla	fall	v.	*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	322
72071	2315	182	kla	fall		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
515186	2315,2315	2012	kla-\|k/\|y/\|t ⪤ gla-\|k/\|y/\|t	fall		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Matisoff 03 HPTB	JAM-HPTB	595
501316	2315b,2315b	1920	khlaa-\|I, khlaak-\|II	DROP (v.t.) / LET FALL		*Chin	8	1.2	Kuki-Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1285
501290	2315a	1920	klaa-\|I, klaak-\|II	FALL / DROP	v.i.	*Chin	8	1.2	Kuki-Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447701	2315a	1930	kia	fall		Paite	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447700	2315a,2315a	1926	hlàa-\|I, hlâʔ-\|II	drop (intr), fall from a height		Thado	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447810	2315b	1926	hlâʔ-INV	drop, put in vegetables into soup, mix in (only used in cooking)		Thado	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1285
447809	2315b,x,2315b	1925	khia³ > khiat³	drop		Tiddim	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1285
314219	2315b	1778	khia³ > khiat³	drop	v	Tiddim	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	Bhaskararao 96 CDB	PB-CLDB	785
170605	2315b	1597	khia³/khiat³	drop (tr.)		Tiddim	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	Bhaskararao 94 TCV	PB-TCV
447699	2315a,x,2315a	1925	kia³ > kiat³	fall		Tiddim	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
621451	2315a	1948	klauk-II	fall from height		Asho	69	1.2.1.2	Southern Plains Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447703	2315a	1948	kló-I	fall (of water)		Asho	69	1.2.1.2	Southern Plains Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447702	2315a	1928	kia	fall		Cho (Mindat)	69	1.2.1.2	Southern Plains Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447811	2315b	1929	plaa	cause to fall, drop, send down, plant, send		Khumi	69	1.2.1.2	Southern Plains Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1285
447704	2315a	1929	tlaa	fall		Khumi	69	1.2.1.2	Southern Plains Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447807	2315b,2315b	1947	thlǎa-\|I, thlaak-\|II	drop, let fall		Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1285
447696	2315a,2315a	1947	tlǎa-\|I, tlaak-\|II	fall, drop (from height)		Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447697	2315a,2315a	1923	tlàa-\|I, tlâak-\|II	fall, drop (from height)		Lai (Falam)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
447808	2315b,2315b	1924	thlà-\|I thlâak-\|II	lower, to let down, to drop, to let fall	v	Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1285
69978	2315	984	thlaːk	let fall		Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
447698	2315a,2315a	1924	tlà-\|I, tlâak-\|II	fall (from height), to set or to go down, or sink (as sun, moon, stars)	v	Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
69977	2315	984	tlaːk	fall		Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
447806	m,2315b	1921	pā-thlā	drop	v	Lakher [Mara]	71	1.2.3	Maraic	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1285
118998	300,2315	871	ti-tla	bereft of testicles		Lakher [Mara]	71	1.2.3	Maraic	1	Matisoff 87 BP	JAM-Ety
447695	2315a	1921	tlā	fall (from a height)	v	Lakher [Mara]	71	1.2.3	Maraic	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	1259
618960	p,2315	2228	(a-)tsə(k)	FALL, PLUMMET		*Ao	63	1.3.1	Central Naga (Ao Group)	1	Bruhn 14 PCN	DWB-PCN	II.187
620155	2315	2226	tsək³¹	fall down	v.	Ao (Chungli)	63	1.3.1	Central Naga (Ao Group)	1	Bruhn 14 PCN	DWB-PCN	II.187
4984	2315	257	⁴krɯ	fall	v.	Angami Naga	65	1.3.2	Angami-Pochuri Group	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	322
240749	2315	1196	chü	fall	v	Ntenyi	65	1.3.2	Angami-Pochuri Group	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
528918	2315	2031	loj	fall (from a height)		*Tangkhulic	66	1.3.4	Tangkhulic	1	Mortensen 12 Tk	DRM-Tk	479
525567	m,2315	2023	kʰə-lo-kə-so	fall (from a height)		Huishu	66	1.3.4	Tangkhulic	1	Mortensen 12 Tk	DRM-Tk	Verbs.016
621049	m,m,2315	2024	kõŋ-kʰə-ly	fall	v.	Tusom	66	1.3.4	Tangkhulic	1	Mortensen 12 Tk	DRM-Tk	Verbs.014
525788	m,m,2315	2025	koŋ-kʰə-luj	fall		Ukhrul	66	1.3.4	Tangkhulic	1	Mortensen 12 Tk	DRM-Tk
29979	m,2315	1065	arphlúng-jùy	wegjagen [chase away]		Mikir [Karbi]	14	1.5	Mikir [Karbi]	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
146278	p,2315	1065	ing◦jùy	fall off, drop off (hair, leaves, etc.)		Mikir [Karbi]	14	1.5	Mikir [Karbi]	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29977	2315	1065	jùy	V away		Mikir [Karbi]	14	1.5	Mikir [Karbi]	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29978	6705,2315	1065	kát-jùy	wegrennen [run away]		Mikir [Karbi]	14	1.5	Mikir [Karbi]	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
69973	2315	1068	klo	fall		Mikir [Karbi]	14	1.5	Mikir [Karbi]	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
29975	m,2315	353	bar-klay	jump down		Bodo	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29971	m,2315	353	gə◦glə́y	fall, lie down		Bodo	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29974	m,2315	353	kam-klay	burn down		Bodo	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29972	2315	353	klay	V downward		Bodo	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29970	m,2315	353	kə◦klə́y	fell	v.	Bodo	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29973	36,2315	353	za-klay	eat from top to bottom	v.	Bodo	80	1.7.1.1	Bodo	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
69974	2315	685	khrat	fall		Jingpho	37	1.7.3.1	Jingpho	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
504756	2315	1988	glú~glúm	fall down	v.	Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Plaisier 07 Lepcha	HP-GL
69972	2315	900	klo	fall		Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
504724	2315	1988	klú~klúm	fall	v.	Lepcha	21	2.1.3	Lepcha	1	Plaisier 07 Lepcha	HP-GL
218957	m,2315	561	nɑ⁵⁵dʐɑ⁵⁵	drop / fall		Ersu	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.18
426854	m,2315	1813	ne³³dʐu⁵³	collapse / cave in / fall down	v.	Lyuzu	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1657.18
409300	m,2315	1813	ne³³dʐæ³⁵	drop	v.	Lyuzu	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.18
408558	m,2315,m	1844	mi³³dʐa⁵⁵qa⁵³	fall down (a wall) / topple	v.	Namuyi	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1257.46
409465	m,2315,m	1844	mi³³ndza⁵⁵qa⁵³	fall over / down	v.	Namuyi	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1277.46
409429	m,2315	1805	nə⁵⁵tsø⁵⁵	fall over / down	v.	Pumi (Jiulong)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1277.10
409292	m,2315	1805	nɑ³⁵tsẽ⁵⁵	drop	v.	Pumi (Jiulong)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.10
409291	m,2315	1853	nə¹³dʐə⁵⁵	drop	v.	Pumi (Lanping)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.09
426121	m,2315	1853	nə¹³dʐə⁵⁵	fall / tumble down	v.	Pumi (Lanping)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.09
218929	m,2315	1306	nə¹³dʐə⁵⁵	drop / fall		Pumi (Qinghua)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.11
218953	m,2315	1309	nə³⁵dʐə⁵⁵	drop / fall		Pumi (Taoba)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.10
510294	2315	1996	tshò	drop down		Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	1822
511921	2315,2315	1996	tshò tshò	fall (of hair)		Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2433
511085	m,2315	1996	ɦà tshò	fall, drop		Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2129
218952	2315	1320	tshy	drop / fall		Qiang (Mawo)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.8
511084	2315	1997	tshoǔ	fall, drop		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2129
510855	m,2315	1997	ɦà tshoù	drop, descend, land		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2036
510857	m,2315,m	1997	ɦà tshoù zɨ́	drop (CAUS)		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2037
510295	m,2315	1997	ɦà tshoǔ	drop down		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	1822
512033	m,2315	1997	ɦà tshoǔ	fall into trap		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2476
511922	m,2315	1997	ʂɛ̀ tshoǔ	fall (of hair)		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2433
218928	2315	1323	tshyi⁵⁵	drop / fall		Qiang (Taoping)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.9
409432	2315,m	1808	qa⁵⁵to⁵⁵	fall over / down	v.	Queyu (Xinlong)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1277.13
218956	p,2315	1699	tə³⁵qa⁵⁵	drop / fall		Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.16
409295	2315	1808	tɕhye⁵⁵	drop	v.	Queyu (Xinlong)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.13
409299	m,2315	1812	miæ³³ʑyæ⁵⁵	drop	v.	Xumi	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.17
426128	m,2315	1812	miæ³³ʑyæ⁵⁵	fall / tumble down	v.	Xumi	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.17
218958	m,2315	1409	miɛ³³dʑyɛ³⁵	drop / fall		Xumi	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.20
218955	2315	557	dza	drop / fall		Ergong (Danba)	35	3.3	rGyalrongic	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	764.14
409294	m,2315	1807	nə dza	drop	v.	Daofu	35	3.3	rGyalrongic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.12
426124	m,2315	1807	nə dza	fall / tumble down	v.	Daofu	35	3.3	rGyalrongic	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.12
409293	p,2315	1806	kɑ ʒɑ	drop	v.	rGyalrong (Maerkang)	78	3.3.1	rGyalrong	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.11
426123	p,2315	1806	kɑ ʒɑ	fall / tumble down	v.	rGyalrong (Maerkang)	78	3.3.1	rGyalrong	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.11
332883	p,2315	1799	kɐ-mdʒit	drop / fall from height		rGBenzhen	78	3.3.1	rGyalrong	1	Sun J 97 rGB	JS-rGBenzhe
30457	2315,2315	141	glay³ ⪤ ʔglay¹	fall		*Lolo-Burmese	42	6.1	Lolo-Burmese	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
69976	2315	409	khyá	let fall		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
69975	2315	409	kyá	fall		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Benedict 72 STC	STC	123
4972	p,2315	151	(sə)-gla³	fall	v.	*Loloish	45	6.1.2	Loloish	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	322
29968	2315	969	tsʻe³³	fall down		Luquan	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
29969	2315	969	tsʻe¹¹	fall over, topple		Luquan	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
409317	m,m,2315	1833	thɕi⁵⁵cᴇ³³tɕi⁵⁵	drop	v.	Yi (Weishan)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.36
426143	2315	1833	tɕi³³	fall / tumble down	v.	Yi (Weishan)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.36
426872	2315	1835	dʑɿ̄²	collapse / cave in / fall down	v.	Yi (Wuding)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1657.38
409319	2315	1835	tshe¹¹	drop	v.	Yi (Wuding)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.38
426160	2315	1835	tshe¹¹	fall / tumble down	v.	Yi (Wuding)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.38
409316	2315	1832	tshi³³	drop	v.	Yi (Xide)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.35
426142	2315	1832	tshi³³	fall / tumble down	v.	Yi (Xide)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.35
409454	m,2315	1832	vɑ⁵⁵dzi²¹	fall over / down	v.	Yi (Xide)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1277.35
409324	m,2315	1841	qo⁵³tɕe³³	drop	v.	Lahu (Lancang)	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.43
29967	2315	833	ce	fall from a height, V downward		Lahu (Black)	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Matisoff 85 GSTC	JAM-GSTC	125
285278	2315,m	943	htsye⁴-lye³	fall	v.	Lisu (Central)	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Fraser 22	JF-HLL
409459	m,2315	1838	le⁵⁵ʑe̱³³	fall over / down	v.	Lisu	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1277.40
408552	m,2315	1838	lɯ³¹ʑe³³	fall down (a wall) / topple	v.	Lisu	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1257.40
285279	2315,m	943	si⁶-lye³	fall (of water decreasing in river)	v.	Lisu (Central)	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Fraser 22	JF-HLL
409321	2315	1838	tshe³³	drop	v.	Lisu	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.40
426147	2315	1838	tshe³³	fall / tumble down	v.	Lisu	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.40
426146	m,2315	1836	thæ³³ tshɪ³³	fall / tumble down	v.	Yi (Sani)	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1642.39
409320	m,2315	1836	thæ³³tshɪ³³	drop	v.	Yi (Sani)	47	6.1.2.2	Central Loloish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1274.39
142012	2315	346	khla	fall down, drop		Bisu	48	6.1.2.3	Southern Loloish	1	Bradley 9x Bisu	DB-Bisu

Chinese comparandum

落 OC *glɑ̂k, GSR ＃766q’ ‘fall, drop; perish’; Schuessler 2007:371 *râk; B & S 2011: *kə.rˁak; Mand. luò.
露 OC *glɑ̂g GSR #766t’ ‘dew’; Schuessler 2007:366 *râkh; B & S 2011: *p.rˁak‑s; Mand. lù.
下 OC *gʼɑ̊, GSR #35a ‘down; descend’; Schuessler 2007:527 *grâʔ ‘down’, *grâh ‘descend’; B & S 2011: *ɡˁraʔ ‘down’, *m‑ɡˁraʔ‑s ‘descend’; Mand. xià.

Schuessler (2007:371) attributes OC initial *r‑ in 落 *râk to Austroasiatic influence, where OC initial *l‑ might otherwise be expected based on comparison with TB *(C‑)l‑ for this etymon. In this regard, however, Matisoff identifies ”...several etyma where PTB *(C‑)l- seems to correspond to Baxter’s *(C)‑r‑, including ‘fall’, ‘good’, ‘neck’, ‘salty’, ‘strength / arm’, and ‘young man / husband’”(HPTB:53). We reiterate here Matisoff’s (ibid.) claim that the relationship between TB *l‑/*r‑ and OC *l‑/*r‑ is complex and has yet to be fully clarified. Apparent irregularities in correspondences between TB/OC *l‑/*r‑ may therefore not always be attributable to loans to or borrowings into TB/OC.

陊 OC *d’iɑ, GSR #3o-p ‘fall down, collapse’; Schuessler 2007:619 *d‑laiʔ ; B & S 2011: (*t‑lajʔ); Mand. duò.
阤 OC *d’iɑ, GSR #4z ‘fall down, collapse’; Schuessler 2007:619 *d‑laiʔ; B & S 2011: (*t‑lajʔ); Mand. tuó ~ zhì.

S544 xǔ
Jacques p76