8.0 Abstract Nouns and Verbs, Psychological Verbs, Verbs of Utterance > 8.3 Psychological verbs > 8.3.1 Verbs of Feeling > 8.3.1.10 ? > 8.3.1.10.1 Fear

#2249 PTB *s/d-krwak FEAR / FRIGHTEN

Reconstructed mesoroots below:
rnanalysislgidreflexglossgfnlanguagegrpidgrpnogrpgeneticcitationsrcabbrsrcidrn
608452249,2249181grâk ⪤ *krâkfear, frighten*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB1740
724242249,2249182grok ⪤ krokfear / frighten*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Benedict 72 STCSTC4730
199482249,2249174grɑ̂k~krɑ̂kfear / frighten*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Chou 72ACST789a0
5152342249,22492012k/|grok ⪤ k/|grakfear / frighten*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5970
452086p,22491964á◦caʔfear / be afraidSak401.7.3.2Asakian1Huziwara 08 SakHK-Sak2450
21721722491092dʐok¹³fearTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.60
4298762249,m1850tʂɔʔ⁵³ka³¹frighten / scarev.Cuona Menba222.1.2Bodic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.060
41341522491848rtɕakafraid, bev.Tibetan (Alike)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1366.050
21721622491550htɕakfearTibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.40
21719222491585rcçakfearTibetan (Amdo:Zeku)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.50
41341322491826tʂɑʔ⁵³afraid, bev.Tibetan (Batang)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1366.030
21719122491380tʂɑʔ⁵³fearTibetan (Khams:Dege)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.30
41346022491815tʂa⁵²afraid, bev.Tibetan (Lhasa)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1366.020
6187092249,s,2249,s2083dkrog-pa ⪤ skrog-parouse, scare upTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB3290
30384922491578dogsfearTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Benedict 72 STCSTC76n2320
41341122491804skragafraid, bev.Tibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1366.010
602492249,s1577skrag-paterrified, afraidTibetan (Written)242.1.2.1Tibetan1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB1740
41341422491837htɕaχafraid, bev.Tibetan (Xiahe)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1366.040
4298752249,m1837htɕaχ htsaŋfrighten / scarev.Tibetan (Xiahe)242.1.2.1Tibetan1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.040
47022122491970kjạfear, dreadTangut [Xixia]333.1Tangut1Li 97 TangutLFW199725390
47180722491970tśjafear, dreadTangut [Xixia]333.1Tangut1Li 97 TangutLFW199744280
21719622491136qɑ⁵⁵fearMuya [Minyak]343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.150
217198m,22491147lu³³qu³³fearNamuyi343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.190
21721822491320qufearQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.80
21719422491323qu³³fearQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.90
60248p,2249539a³¹ kraʔ⁵⁵fear, frightenTrung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)384Nungic1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB1740
1678512249146Nkrokfear / be afraid*Lolo-Burmese426.1Lolo-Burmese1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(a)0
1678522249146ʔkrokfrighten*Lolo-Burmese426.1Lolo-Burmese1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(b)0
2882312249201tʂu³¹fearAchang (Lianghe)446.1.1Burmish1Dai 85 AcJZJZ-Achang0
42989522491824xʐoʔ⁵⁵frighten / scarev.Achang (Longchuan)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.280
2172092249200ʐoʔ⁵⁵fearAchang (Longchuan)446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.410
42989622491825çu³⁵frighten / scarev.Achang (Xiandao)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.290
348802249290hkrau"frightenArakanese446.1.1Burmish1Okell 71JO-PB0
42989922491829kja̱uʔ⁵⁵frighten / scarev.Bola (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.320
42989422491823tɕhɑuʔ⁴frighten / scarev.Burmese (Rangoon)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.270
348782249387hcau'frightenBurmese (Standard Spoken)446.1.1Burmish1Okell 71JO-PB0
21723422491428tɕɑuʔ⁴⁴fearBurmese (Spoken Rangoon)446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.400
3038482249409k(h)raukfearBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC76n2320
1340272249394khrokafraidBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL4940
348792249404khrokfrightenBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Okell 71JO-PB0
4373782249406khrokfrightenBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD0
42989322491822khrɔk⁴frighten / scarev.Burmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.260
4373772249406khyokfrightenBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD0
602502249407kraukfearv.Burmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB1740
2409782249392krokfearvBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
1686982249394krokafraidBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL4940
4373712249406krokfear, be afraidBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD0
2172082249411krɔkfearBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.390
41343422491822krɔk⁴afraid, bev.Burmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1366.260
2338182249653chòʔfear / frightenHpun (Northern)446.1.1Burmish1Henderson 86 HpunEJAH-Hpun0
2338522249653chòʔfrighten (cp. Fear)Hpun (Northern)446.1.1Burmish1Henderson 86 HpunEJAH-Hpun0
348812249663hklo'frightenIntha446.1.1Burmish1Okell 71JO-PB0
42989822491828kja̱uk⁵⁵frighten / scarev.Langsu (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.310
42990022491830kju̱ːk⁵⁵frighten / scarev.Leqi (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.330
45306022491965krɔʔfear / be afraidMarma446.1.1Burmish1Huziwara 08 SakHK-Sak2450
21721022491034kjauk³¹fearMaru [Langsu]446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.430
3488222491503khyaú'frightenTavoyan446.1.1Burmish1Okell 71JO-PB0
21723522491693kjuʔ²¹fearAtsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.420
6025222491690kjuʔ³¹fear, frightenAtsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB1740
42989722491827kju̱ʔ⁵⁵frighten / scarev.Atsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.300
120872249152(sə)-|grokᴴfear*Loloish456.1.2Loloish1Bradley 79 PLoDB-PLolo6890
31153022491790NkrokᴴfearPNL456.1.2Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
31161422491790ʔkrokfrightenPNL456.1.2Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS157.0
42991422491845tɕo³⁵frighten / scarev.Gazhuo466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.470
2919492249879goqafraid / be afraidLalo466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Björverud 94SB-Lalo0
31234222491781go̱³³fearLalo466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
31242622491781ko³³frightenLalo466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS157.0
31254522491782dʐu̱³³fearLipho466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
31262922491782ku̱³³frightenLipho466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS157.0
3347022491152džu 32s|fear / be afraidNasu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(a)0
31274822491783dʑo̱²fearNasu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
31283222491783tɕo̱²frightenNasu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS157.0
31213922491163dʐu̱³³fearNesu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
31222322491163tsu̱³³frightenNesu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS157.0
31315422491785dʑu̱⁴fearNosu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
31323822491785ku̱⁴frightenNosu466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS157.0
33640222491220dʐu̱⁵³fearNusu (Southern)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun J 86 NusuJZ-Nusu0
41344222491831gɹu̱⁵³afraid, bev.Nusu (Central)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1366.340
21721122491215gɹu̱⁵³fearNusu (Bijiang)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.450
33550122491219gɹu̱⁵⁵fearNusu (Northern)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun J 86 NusuJZ-Nusu0
42990122491831kɹu̱⁵³frighten / scarev.Nusu (Central)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.340
21722522491658dʑɔ³³fearYi (Dafang)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.220
46077022491962ku̱³³frighten; intimidate; scareYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
4607782249,m1962ku̱³³lɯ³⁴frighten; intimidate; scare; threatenYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
4615452249,m1962ʥu̱³³ɬa³³fearYi (Liangshan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Ma 08 YiSIL-Nuosuindex0
21720122491662dʐu̱³³fearYi (Mile)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.250
21722722491663dzu̱³³fearYi (Mojiang)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.260
21722622491664dʑu̱³³fearYi (Nanhua)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.240
41065022491834tsu³³shiver / tremble (from fear)v.Yi (Nanhua)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1303.370
21720022491666go³³fearYi (Nanjian)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.230
42990322491833ko³³frighten / scarev.Yi (Weishan)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.360
42990522491835tɕu̱²frighten / scarev.Yi (Wuding)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.380
4299022249,m1832ku̱³³lɯ³⁴frighten / scarev.Yi (Xide)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.350
31193622491780dʐu̱³³fearAhi476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
31202022491780tʂu̱³³frightenAhi476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS157.0
3013792249700khø³³fearJinuo (Youle)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Gai 86JZ-Jinuo0
429911m,22491842nɔ⁴⁴tɕhø³³frighten / scarev.Jinuo476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.440
2172312249696tɕhø³⁵fearJinuo476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.340
4772562249,m1969kɔ33 tsʌ31frightenKucong476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Dai 09 KucongDC-Kucong0
47709422491969kɯ33fearKucong476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Dai 09 KucongDC-Kucong0
120882249492kuhˆfear*Common Lahu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 79 PLoDB-PLolo6890
602512249843kɔ̂ʔfear, frightenLahu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB1740
3038472249844kɔ̂ʔfearLahu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Benedict 72 STCSTC76n2320
2172052249851kɔ⁵⁴fearLahu (Black)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.330
3026312249856kɯ⁶fearLahu (Yellow)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chang 86JZ-Lahu0
334722249930chaw2frightenLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(b)0
108892249923chaw²fearLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 79 PLoDB-PLolo6890
2853812249943chaw²frightenv.Lisu (Central)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Fraser 22JF-HLL0
2172022249942dʒo⁴⁴fearLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.270
2763842249946dʑɔ³³afraid; fearVLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
334682249930jaw3fear / be afraidLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(a)0
108882249923jaw³fearLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 79 PLoDB-PLolo6890
2852952249943jaw³fearv.Lisu (Central)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Fraser 22JF-HLL0
42990722491838tɕo³⁵frighten / scarev.Lisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.400
31173322491786<go⁴⁴>fearSani [Nyi]476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Chen 86 CSCK-CS73.0
3346722491368gu 44|fear / be afraidSani [Nyi]476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(a)0
334662249234gu HS|fear / be afraidAkha486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(a)0
2172042249510gu̱³³fearHani (Dazhai)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.310
429908m,22491839na³¹gu̱³³frighten / scarev.Hani (Lüchun)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.410
3004422249630gu̱³³fearHani (Gelanghe)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Li Yongsui 86 HaniJZ-Hani0
21723022491416kv̱³³fearHani (Shuikui)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.320
429909m,22491840l̥a³³kv̱³³frighten / scarev.Hani (Mojiang)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.420
3346922491635ku 45|fear / be afraidWoni486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Matisoff 72 LTSRJAM-TSR104(a)0
52337722492020ʦu³³fearAzha756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL7930
51861122492016kɔ̠⁵⁵fearPhola756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL7930
52220822492019ʣo²¹fearHlepho Phowa756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL7930
51979822492017dʐɯ⁵⁵fearPhuza756.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1Pelkey 11 PhulaJP-CPL7930
51379122491998qv˧˥frightenv.Na (Yongning)436.2Naxi1Michaud 06 NaLazeAM-NaLaze10
42991222491843tʂɚ²¹frighten / scarev.Naxi436.2Naxi1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL1721.450
2172282249908ʐəɹ³³fearNaxi (Lijiang)436.2Naxi1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC730.280
30476922491736xascare, frighten*Karen507Karenic1Benedict 72 STCSTC159n4300
1460272249119scare / frighten with outcries / use violent language in order to terrify*Karen507Karenic1Chou 72ACST789a0
49651722491981háfrightenVKayan (Pekon)507Karenic1Manson 10 KayanKM-Kayan0
204522249480glɑ̂k/lɑ̂kfearv.Chinese (Old/Mid)539.0.1Old Chinese0Chou 72ACST766q0
204582249480xi̯ɑ̌k/xi̯ɒkfearChinese (Old/Mid)539.0.1Old Chinese0Chou 72ACST789a0
1460562249469kʻlɑ̂krespect, reverent (inspire fear)Chinese (Old)539.0.1Old Chinese0Chou 72ACST766g0

Chinese comparandum

赫 OC *χɑ̆k, GSR #779a ‘red, fiery; brilliant; majestic, awe-inspiring; frighten’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hrâk; B & S 2011: *qʰˁrak; Mand. .
嚇 OC *χɑ̆k, GSR #779b ‘frighten’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hrâk; B & S 2011: *qʰˁ‹r›ak qʰˁ‹r›ak‑s; Mand. .
嚇 OC *χɑ̆g, GSR #779b ‘frighten’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hrâkh; B & S 2011: *qʰˁ‹r›ak‑s; Mand. xià.
虩 OC *χi̯ɑ̆k, GSR #787d-f ‘frightening’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hak; Mand. .
覤 OC *χi̯ɑ̆k, GSR #789a ‘fear’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hak; Mand. .
恪 OC *k’lɑ̂k, GSR #766g ‘respect; reverent’; Coblin 86:78 ST *khlak > OC *khlak; Schuessler 2007:276 (*khrâk); B & S 2011: (*kʰˁrak); Mand. .


^ 1.
STC cites several Chinese comparanda, including GSR 766q, 766g, 813a-f, 813g, and 789a.