STEDT Etymon #173

The verb in the Lahu expression mû qhâʔ ve ‘have a drought’ might possibly be from this etymon (mû ‘heaven, sky’), i.e., literally ‘heaven is difficult’.

rn	analysis	lgid	reflex	gloss	gfn	language	grpid	grpno	grp	genetic	citation	srcabbr	srcid	rn
76549	173,173	168	khaɣ/khak	bitter / difficult		*Sino-Tibetan	1	0	Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	44	0
31234	173,173	166	ʔyak ⪤ kak	difficult		*Sino-Tibetan	1	0	Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)	0	Matisoff 83 TIL	JAM-TIL	70	0
239972	173	1018	kak	difficult		Maram	64	1.3.3	Zeme Group	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL		0
146341	m,b,m,173	675	ə◦yàk ə◦khàk	troubles, problems, difficulties (loan word, though)		Jingpho	37	1.7.3.1	Jingpho	1	Matisoff 83 TIL	JAM-TIL	70	1
452308	173	1964	kháʔ	hard / difficult	vi	Sak	40	1.7.3.2	Asakian	1	Huziwara 08 Sak	HK-Sak	345-2	0
224814	173,m	1557	khaʔ⁵³ko⁵³	difficult		Tibetan (Lhasa)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	879.2	0
399903	173,m	1815	kha⁵⁵ko⁵⁵	difficult		Tibetan (Lhasa)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1067.02	0
239989	173,s	1564	kag◦po	difficult		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL		0
76114	173	1580	khag	difficulty		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	44	0
224789	173,s	1582	khag po	difficult		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	879.1	0
30965	173,s	1572	khag-po	difficult, hard to bear		Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Matisoff 83 TIL	JAM-TIL	70	0
148267	173,m	1878	khak◦t-	harden, to congeal, to freeze, to solidify (of fats)	v.	Limbu	31	2.3.1	Eastern Kiranti	1	Driem 88? LimA	SVD-LimA		0
399928	173	1823	khɛʔ⁴	difficult		Burmese (Rangoon)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1067.27	0
224833	173	1428	khɛʔ⁴⁴	difficult		Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	879.40	0
239981	173	392	khak	difficult		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL		0
134417	173	394	khak	strong		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Hansson 89 AHKP	ILH-PL	474	0
30963	173	400	khak	hard, difficult, arduous		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Matisoff 83 TIL	JAM-TIL	70	0
437196	173	406	khak	hard, difficult; harsh		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Benedict 76 WBur	PKB-WBRD		0
76115	173	410	khak	difficult, hard		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	44	0
224807	173	411	khɑk	difficult		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Sun H 91 ZMYY	ZMYYC	879.39	0
399927	173	1822	khɑk⁴	difficult		Burmese (Written)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1067.26	0
453287	173	1965	khaʔ	hard / difficult		Marma	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Huziwara 08 Sak	HK-Sak	345-2	0
11083	173	152	kakᴴ	difficult		*Loloish	45	6.1.2	Loloish	1	Bradley 79 PLo	DB-PLolo	544A	0
460741	173	1962	kɔ³³	difficult; hard (difficult)		Yi (Liangshan)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Ma 08 Yi	SIL-Nuosu	index	0
76550	173	478	khagx	bitter / difficult		Chinese (Old)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	44	0
76552	173	468	khwo:	bitter / difficult		Chinese (Middle)	54	9.0.2	Middle Chinese	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	44	0

analysis

lgid

reflex

gloss

gfn

language

grpid

grpno

grp

genetic

citation

srcabbr

srcid

76549

173,173

168

khaɣ/khak

bitter / difficult

*Sino-Tibetan

Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

31234

173,173

166

ʔyak ⪤ kak

difficult

*Sino-Tibetan

Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)

Matisoff 83 TIL

JAM-TIL

239972

173

1018

kak

difficult

Maram

1.3.3

Zeme Group

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

146341

m,b,m,173

675

ə◦yàk ə◦khàk

troubles, problems, difficulties (loan word, though)

Jingpho

1.7.3.1

Jingpho

Matisoff 83 TIL

JAM-TIL

452308

173

1964

kháʔ

hard / difficult

Sak

1.7.3.2

Asakian

Huziwara 08 Sak

HK-Sak

345-2

224814

173,m

1557

khaʔ⁵³ko⁵³

difficult

Tibetan (Lhasa)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Sun H 91 ZMYY

ZMYYC

879.2

399903

173,m

1815

kha⁵⁵ko⁵⁵

difficult

Tibetan (Lhasa)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Huang and Dai 92 TBL

TBL

1067.02

239989

173,s

1564

kag◦po

difficult

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

76114

173

1580

khag

difficulty

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

224789

173,s

1582

khag po

difficult

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Sun H 91 ZMYY

ZMYYC

879.1

30965

173,s

1572

khag-po

difficult, hard to bear

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Matisoff 83 TIL

JAM-TIL

148267

173,m

1878

khak◦t-

harden, to congeal, to freeze, to solidify (of fats)

Limbu

2.3.1

Eastern Kiranti

Driem 88? LimA

SVD-LimA

399928

173

1823

khɛʔ⁴

difficult

Burmese (Rangoon)

6.1.1

Burmish

Huang and Dai 92 TBL

TBL

1067.27

224833

173

1428

khɛʔ⁴⁴

difficult

Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)

6.1.1

Burmish

Sun H 91 ZMYY

ZMYYC

879.40

239981

173

392

khak

difficult

Burmese (Written)

6.1.1

Burmish

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

134417

173

394

khak

strong

Burmese (Written)

6.1.1

Burmish

Hansson 89 AHKP

ILH-PL

474

30963

173

400

khak

hard, difficult, arduous

Burmese (Written)

6.1.1

Burmish

Matisoff 83 TIL

JAM-TIL

437196

173

406

khak

hard, difficult; harsh

Burmese (Written)

6.1.1

Burmish

Benedict 76 WBur

PKB-WBRD

76115

173

410

khak

difficult, hard

Burmese (Written)

6.1.1

Burmish

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

224807

173

411

khɑk

difficult

Burmese (Written)

6.1.1

Burmish

Sun H 91 ZMYY

ZMYYC

879.39

399927

173

1822

khɑk⁴

difficult

Burmese (Written)

6.1.1

Burmish

Huang and Dai 92 TBL

TBL

1067.26

453287

173

1965

khaʔ

hard / difficult

Marma

6.1.1

Burmish

Huziwara 08 Sak

HK-Sak

345-2

11083

173

152

kakᴴ

difficult

*Loloish

6.1.2

Loloish

Bradley 79 PLo

DB-PLolo

544A

460741

173

1962

kɔ³³

difficult; hard (difficult)

Yi (Liangshan)

6.1.2.1

Northern Loloish

Ma 08 Yi

SIL-Nuosu

index

76550

173

478

khagx

bitter / difficult

Chinese (Old)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

76552

173

468

khwo:

bitter / difficult

Chinese (Middle)

9.0.2

Middle Chinese

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

^ 1.

This word is evidently a loan from Burmese, since PTB *‑k regularly became ‑ʔ in Jingpho. The other element in this elaborate expression, however, is from Shan (cf. Siamese jâak).

#173 PTB *kak HARD / DIFFICULT (provisional)

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