STEDT Etymon #1233

The present reconstruction is a revision of gop ⪤ kop, found in HPTB #11a. This revision seems to go better with the Baxter/Sagart reconstruction of the Chinese comparandum (see below).

This etymon, with velar stop or fricative initial reflexes, seems clearly to have an allofamic relationship to #2767 PTB *ʔup COVER / INCUBATE / HATCH. Other TB etyma showing variation between velar and zero (=glottal stop) initial include NEEDLE *kap (but WB ʔap), HOUSE *kyim (but WB ʔim), etc. See STC pp. 25-6, Matisoff 1997 (“Primary and secondary laryngeal initials in TB”), and HPTB p. 57.

This widely-attested root includes both simplex and causative allofams (thus the variation in voicing). It occurs in Tani, Himalayish, Jingpho, and perhaps Karenic. There is also a good Chinese comparandum, 蓋, meaning ‘cover; lid’ (below).

rn	analysis	lgid	reflex	gloss	gfn	language	grpid	grpno	grp	genetic	citation	srcabbr	srcid
76737	1233,1233	168	gap/kap	cover		*Sino-Tibetan	1	0	Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	59
76743	1233,1233	183	gab/khab	cover		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	59
514710	2767,1233	2012	ʔup ⪤ gup	hatch / cover		*Tibeto-Burman	2	0.1	Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)	0	Matisoff 03 HPTB	JAM-HPTB	583
283372	1233	173	gup	sit on eggs / hatch		*Tani	5	1.1.1	Tani	1	Sun J 93 HCST	JS-HCST	363
154862	1233	285	gúŋ	hatch		Apatani	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani
151758	1233	286	guʔ	brood		Apatani	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani
174259	1233	333	gup	sit on eggs / hatch		Bengni	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 HCST	JS-HCST
154863	1233	334	gup	hatch		Bengni	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani
174260	1233	361	gup	sit on eggs / hatch		Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 HCST	JS-HCST
154864	1233	365	gup	hatch		Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani
411618	1233	1820	gup	hatch / incubate	v.	Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1326.24
152601	1233,m	365	kup-lup	cover up		Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani
152609	m,1233	365	meː-kap	cover with the hand		Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani
433237	m,1233	1820	pa kap	cover / hide from view	v.	Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1794.24
420409	m,1233	1820	pam kap	cover up (objects)	v.	Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Huang and Dai 92 TBL	TBL	1520.24
152602	m,1233	365	pam-kap	cover up		Bokar	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Sun J 93 Tani	JS-Tani
492084	1233,s	1979	gub◦nam	incubate	vt.	Galo	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09	GLDC-GED
45498	m,1606,m,1233,s	564	po◦rok-ape gup-nam	hatch	v	Galo	73	1.1.1.1	Western Tani	1	Das Gupta 63 Gal	KDG-IGL
174261	1233	1253	gup	sit on eggs / hatch		Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]	74	1.1.1.2	Eastern Tani	1	Sun J 93 HCST	JS-HCST
1719	m,m,1233,m,m	1070	ci-ci gup-le-ma	hatch		Milang	74	1.1.1.2	Eastern Tani	1	Tayeng 76 Mil	AT-MPB
500739	1233	1920	hup-I, huʔ-II	COVER / PROTECT		*Chin	8	1.2	Kuki-Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	708
500465	1233	1920	khup-I, khuʔ-II	COVER / TURN UPSIDE DOWN		*Chin	8	1.2	Kuki-Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
500754	1233	1984	huap	INCLUDE / COVER		*Northern Chin	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	723
443690	1233	1930	khuh	cover		Paite	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
445092	1233	1926	hûop-INV	cover up to include everything (physically or mentally)		Thado	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	723
445026	1233	1926	hùʔ-INV	favor, protect		Thado	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	708
443689	1233	1926	khùu-INV	cover		Thado	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
293566	m,1233	1509	xú◦xùm	cover		Thado	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	Thirumalai 72	THI1972	61
314255	1233	1778	khu?³	cover with a blanket-like thing; spread a fish-net	v	Tiddim	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	Bhaskararao 96 CDB	PB-CLDB	820
443688	1233	1925	khuʔ³	cover with a blanket-like thing, spread a fish-net		Tiddim	68	1.2.1.1	Northern Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
443691	1233	1929	khiiw	cover with, put something on something else		Khumi	69	1.2.1.2	Southern Plains Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
445090	1233	1947	huap-INV	include, cover		Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	723
445023	1233	1947	hup-I, huʔ-II	cover (with hand)		Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	708
445024	1233	1923	hùp-INV	cover, protect		Lai (Falam)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	708
443685	1233	1947	khup-I, khuʔ-II	cover, place things upside down or with concavity downwards (as basket, pot, etc.)	v	Lai (Hakha)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
443686	1233	1923	khùʔ-INV	cover, lid	v	Lai (Falam)	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
445091	1233	1924	hûap	include, to take in, to cover, to embrace, to apply to	v	Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	723
445025	1233	1924	hùp-I, hùh-II	cover (as fly or anything small with the hand, or as mouth, face, nakedness or orifice of any kind with the hand(s) or with cloth, etc.)	v	Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	708
443687	1233	1924	khùp-I, khùh-II	place upside down or with concavity downwards (as basket, pot, plate, etc.), to close or shut (as book)	v	Lushai [Mizo]	70	1.2.2	Central Chin	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
445022	1233	1921	hū	cover	v	Lakher [Mara]	71	1.2.3	Maraic	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	708
443684	1233	1921	khú	cover	v	Lakher [Mara]	71	1.2.3	Maraic	1	VanBik 09 PKC	KVB-PKC	434
239340	1233,m	270	küp◦bang	cover	v	Ao (Chungli)	63	1.3.1	Central Naga (Ao Group)	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
249205	888,1233	963	cho◦khab	shoe	n	Lotha Naga	63	1.3.1	Central Naga (Ao Group)	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
171725	320,1233	963	yin◦kep	claw		Lotha Naga	63	1.3.1	Central Naga (Ao Group)	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
248110	m,1233	1672	me◦khüp	roof		Yimchungrü	63	1.3.1	Central Naga (Ao Group)	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
239350	1233	1347	gum	cover	v	Rongmei / Nruanghmei	64	1.3.3	Zeme Group	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
239348	1233	1137	gum	cover	v	Mzieme	64	1.3.3	Zeme Group	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
239370	1233	1062	kup	cover	v	Mikir [Karbi]	14	1.5	Mikir [Karbi]	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
474656	1233	1973	khep-	close, to cover, to spread out, to put on clothes	v	Atong	82	1.7.1.3	Koch	1	van Breugel 08 Atong	SVB-GA
474719	1233	1973	khup-	close, to cover, to spread out, to put on clothes	v	Atong	82	1.7.1.3	Koch	1	van Breugel 08 Atong	SVB-GA
474736	1233	1973	khyp-	close, to cover, to spread out, to put on clothes	v	Atong	82	1.7.1.3	Koch	1	van Breugel 08 Atong	SVB-GA
78653	1233	161	kup	cover / shut		*Northern Naga	12	1.7.2	Northern Naga/Konyakian	1	French 83	WTF-PNN	472
78654	1233	161	kuːp	cover / shut		*Northern Naga	12	1.7.2	Northern Naga/Konyakian	1	French 83	WTF-PNN	472
239349	p,1233	1188	ka◦hap	cover	v	Nocte	84	1.7.2.1	Tangsa-Nocte	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
239358	p,1233	1490	a◦hip	cover	v	Tangsa (Yogli)	84	1.7.2.1	Tangsa-Nocte	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
5766	1233	428	gáp	close	v.	Chang	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	661
239343	1233	429	kap	cover	v	Chang	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
257587	1233	429	kap	shut		Chang	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
5767	1233	786	²³gɪap	close	v.	Khiamngan	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Weidert 87 TBTo	AW-TBT	661
257589	1233	807	kep	shut		Konyak	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
239344	1233	807	küp	cover	v	Konyak	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
488610	1233	1978	gap³³	close (box, etc.) / cover		Phom	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Burling 98 Phom	BP-PPWL
239351	1233	1281	küp	cover	v	Phom	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
257598	1233	1281	küp	shut		Phom	85	1.7.2.2	Konyak-Chang	1	Marrison 67 Naga	GEM-CNL
31533	1233	676	gàp	cover / top		Jingpho	37	1.7.3.1	Jingpho	1	Matisoff 74 TJLB	JAM-TJLB	327
31534	p,1233	676	mə◦gàp	cover		Jingpho	37	1.7.3.1	Jingpho	1	Matisoff 74 TJLB	JAM-TJLB	327
266775	1233,s	721	kap◦pā	covered	adj	Kaike	22	2.1.2	Bodic	1	Hale 73 CSD	AH-CSDPN	12c.14
76194	1233,s	1580	sgab-pa	cover	v.	Tibetan (Written)	24	2.1.2.1	Tibetan	1	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	59
48323	1233	171	ᴬgap	lid		*TGTM	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
175447	1233	172	ᴬgap	cover	v	*TGTM	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
266770	1233,s	596	kā:q◦bā:	covered	adj	Gurung	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Hale 73 CSD	AH-CSDPN	12c.14
65549	1233,s	604	kaːq◦baː	covered		Gurung (Ghachok)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Glover 72 GuVo	SIL-Gur	12.C.14
48108	1233	603	²kaː	lid		Gurung (Ghachok)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
48109	1233	1001	³kje	lid		Manang (Ngawal)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
48103	1233	1454	³kap	lid		Tamang (Risiangku)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
175438	1233	1456	³kap	cover / lid	n	Tamang (Risiangku)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
48104	1233	1461	³kap	lid		Tamang (Sahu)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
175440	1233	1462	³kap	cover, lid		Tamang (Sahu)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
175442	1233,s	1467	³kap-pa	cover		Tamang (Taglung)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
266772	1233,m,m	1520	kahp-ci-wa	covered	adj	Thakali	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Hale 73 CSD	AH-CSDPN	12c.14
175446	1233	1524	goʱ-wa	cover	v	Thakali (Marpha)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
48106	1233	1523	³ko	lid		Thakali (Marpha)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
175445	1233	1524	³koʱ	cover / lid	n	Thakali (Marpha)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
48107	1233	1525	³ko	lid		Thakali (Syang)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
67289	1233	1531	kɔhp	cover / lid	n.	Thakali (Tukche)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Hari 71a ThVo	SIL-Thak	6.A.58
67292	1233,m,m	1531	kɔhp-ci-wɔ	covered		Thakali (Tukche)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Hari 71a ThVo	SIL-Thak	12.C.14
168365	1233,m	1531	kɔhp-lɔ	cover	v.	Thakali (Tukche)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Hari 71a ThVo	SIL-Thak	7.B.1.34 3
175443	1233	1530	³kəp	cover / lid	n	Thakali (Tukche)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
175444	1233,m	1530	³kəp-lə	cover	v	Thakali (Tukche)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 94 These	MM-Thesis	142
48105	1233	1529	³kʌp	lid		Thakali (Tukche)	23	2.1.4	Tamangish	1	Mazaudon 78 Tam	MM-K78	45
148269	1233	1878	khapt-	cover (e.g. so. with a blanket), to roof	v.	Limbu	31	2.3.1	Eastern Kiranti	1	Driem 88? LimA	SVD-LimA
61007	1233	822	khəpp-u	cover (with a lid)	v.	Kulung	76	2.3.2	Southern Kiranti	1	Rai 75 Kul	RPHH-Kul
60980	1233	822	kupp-u	brood (eggs)	v.	Kulung	76	2.3.2	Southern Kiranti	1	Rai 75 Kul	RPHH-Kul
72949	1233,s	547	khop◦nɨ	cover, cap		Dumi	77	2.3.3	Central Kiranti	1	Driem 93 Dumi	SVD-Dum
72866	1233,m,s	547	kop◦mɨt◦nɨ	cover someone with a blanket		Dumi	77	2.3.3	Central Kiranti	1	Driem 93 Dumi	SVD-Dum
266774	1233,m	759	kap◦sio	covered	adj	Kham	28	2.4	Kham-Magar-Chepang	1	Hale 73 CSD	AH-CSDPN	12c.14
266773	1233,m	990	hup-ke	covered	adj	Magar	28	2.4	Kham-Magar-Chepang	1	Hale 73 CSD	AH-CSDPN	12c.14
510485	1233	1996	qhù	cover (with blanket)		Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	1905
508180	1233,m	1996	qhù tá	cover		Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	916
510481	1233	1996	qhú	cover (with earth)		Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	1904
511213	1233	1996	qhú	cover	v.t.	Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	2178
508178	m,1233	1996	tà qhó	cover		Qiang (Longxi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	916
507887	m,1233	1997	qà qù	lid, cover (of cup)		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	759
508179	m,1233	1997	qà qù	cover (for cup)	n.	Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	916
507888	m,1233	1997	tshà qù	lid, cover		Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	759
508181	m,1233	1997	tshà qù	cover (for pot)	n.	Qiang (Mianchi)	34	3.2	Qiangic	1	Evans 99 Qiang	JPE-SQiang	916
38791	1233	207	xɔp⁵⁵	sit on, hatch (egg)		Achang (Luxi)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Dai 85 AcJZ	JZ-Achang
287268	1233	207	ɔp⁵⁵	sit		Achang (Luxi)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Dai 85 AcJZ	JZ-Achang
17541	1233	209	xup⁵⁵	incubate		Achang (Xiandao)	44	6.1.1	Burmish	1	Dai 89 Xian	DQ-Xiandao	1834
16102	1233	1218	ɣɔ̱³¹	incubate		Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Dai 89 NusA	DQ-NusuA	1834.
16349	1233	1216	ɣɔ̱⁵³	incubate		Nusu (Central)	46	6.1.2.1	Northern Loloish	1	Dai 89 NusB	DQ-NusuB	1834.
57354	1233	123	ɣwýq	brood (eggs)	v.	*Karen (Pwo)	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
57359	1233	125	ɣý	brood (eggs)	v.	*Karen (Sgaw)	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
57357	1233	124	ɣỳh	brood (eggs)	v.	*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
307508	1233	1235	khóʔ	brood, sit on eggs		Pa-O	50	7	Karenic	1	Solnit 89 PaO	DBS-PaO
57353	1233	1242	khóʔ	brood (eggs)	v.	Pa-O	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
57356	1233	1272	ɣỳ	brood (eggs)	v.	Pwo (Bassein)	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
57355	1233	1279	ɣúʔ	brood (eggs)	v.	Pwo (Moulmein)	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
57361	1233	1394	hý	brood (eggs)	v.	Sgaw (Bassein)	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
15065	1233	746	xɯ̱⁵⁵	incubate		Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)	50	7	Karenic	1	Dai 89 KarB	DQ-KarenB	1899
15066	1233,300	746	xɯ̱⁵⁵ di̱³¹	incubate		Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)	50	7	Karenic	1	Dai 89 KarB	DQ-KarenB	1899.1
57360	1233	1399	ɣý	brood (eggs)	v.	Sgaw (Moulmein)	50	7	Karenic	1	Jones 61	RBJ-KLS	356
76738	1233	478	gap	cover		Chinese (Old)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	59
76739	1233	478	kabh	cover		Chinese (Old)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	59
296075	1233	471	kaps	cover / conceal		Chinese (Old)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Baxter 92	WHB-OC	1731
296169	1233	471	kaps	cover		Chinese (Old)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Baxter 92	WHB-OC	1825
76745	1233	478	ʔjap	cover		Chinese (Old)	53	9.0.1	Old Chinese	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	59
76741	1233	468	ɣâp	cover		Chinese (Middle)	54	9.0.2	Middle Chinese	0	Coblin 86	WSC-SH	59

analysis

lgid

reflex

gloss

gfn

language

grpid

grpno

grp

genetic

citation

srcabbr

srcid

76737

1233,1233

168

gap/kap

cover

*Sino-Tibetan

Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

76743

1233,1233

183

gab/khab

cover

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

514710

2767,1233

2012

ʔup ⪤ gup

hatch / cover

*Tibeto-Burman

0.1

Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

Matisoff 03 HPTB

JAM-HPTB

583

283372

1233

173

gup

sit on eggs / hatch

*Tani

1.1.1

Tani

Sun J 93 HCST

JS-HCST

363

154862

1233

285

gúŋ

hatch

Apatani

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

151758

1233

286

guʔ

brood

Apatani

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

174259

1233

333

gup

sit on eggs / hatch

Bengni

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 HCST

JS-HCST

154863

1233

334

gup

hatch

Bengni

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

174260

1233

361

gup

sit on eggs / hatch

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 HCST

JS-HCST

154864

1233

365

gup

hatch

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

411618

1233

1820

gup

hatch / incubate

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Huang and Dai 92 TBL

TBL

1326.24

152601

1233,m

365

kup-lup

cover up

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

152609

m,1233

365

meː-kap

cover with the hand

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

433237

m,1233

1820

pa kap

cover / hide from view

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Huang and Dai 92 TBL

TBL

1794.24

420409

m,1233

1820

pam kap

cover up (objects)

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Huang and Dai 92 TBL

TBL

1520.24

152602

m,1233

365

pam-kap

cover up

Bokar

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Sun J 93 Tani

JS-Tani

492084

1233,s

1979

gub◦nam

incubate

vt.

Galo

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09

GLDC-GED

45498

m,1606,m,1233,s

564

po◦rok-ape gup-nam

hatch

Galo

1.1.1.1

Western Tani

Das Gupta 63 Gal

KDG-IGL

174261

1233

1253

gup

sit on eggs / hatch

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]

1.1.1.2

Eastern Tani

Sun J 93 HCST

JS-HCST

1719

m,m,1233,m,m

1070

ci-ci gup-le-ma

hatch

Milang

1.1.1.2

Eastern Tani

Tayeng 76 Mil

AT-MPB

500739

1233

1920

hup-I, huʔ-II

COVER / PROTECT

*Chin

1.2

Kuki-Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

708

500465

1233

1920

khup-I, khuʔ-II

COVER / TURN UPSIDE DOWN

*Chin

1.2

Kuki-Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

500754

1233

1984

huap

INCLUDE / COVER

*Northern Chin

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

723

443690

1233

1930

khuh

cover

Paite

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

445092

1233

1926

hûop-INV

cover up to include everything (physically or mentally)

Thado

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

723

445026

1233

1926

hùʔ-INV

favor, protect

Thado

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

708

443689

1233

1926

khùu-INV

cover

Thado

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

293566

m,1233

1509

xú◦xùm

cover

Thado

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

Thirumalai 72

THI1972

314255

1233

1778

khu?³

cover with a blanket-like thing; spread a fish-net

Tiddim

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

Bhaskararao 96 CDB

PB-CLDB

820

443688

1233

1925

khuʔ³

cover with a blanket-like thing, spread a fish-net

Tiddim

1.2.1.1

Northern Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

443691

1233

1929

khiiw

cover with, put something on something else

Khumi

1.2.1.2

Southern Plains Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

445090

1233

1947

huap-INV

include, cover

Lai (Hakha)

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

723

445023

1233

1947

hup-I, huʔ-II

cover (with hand)

Lai (Hakha)

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

708

445024

1233

1923

hùp-INV

cover, protect

Lai (Falam)

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

708

443685

1233

1947

khup-I, khuʔ-II

cover, place things upside down or with concavity downwards (as basket, pot, etc.)

Lai (Hakha)

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

443686

1233

1923

khùʔ-INV

cover, lid

Lai (Falam)

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

445091

1233

1924

hûap

include, to take in, to cover, to embrace, to apply to

Lushai [Mizo]

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

723

445025

1233

1924

hùp-I, hùh-II

cover (as fly or anything small with the hand, or as mouth, face, nakedness or orifice of any kind with the hand(s) or with cloth, etc.)

Lushai [Mizo]

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

708

443687

1233

1924

khùp-I, khùh-II

place upside down or with concavity downwards (as basket, pot, plate, etc.), to close or shut (as book)

Lushai [Mizo]

1.2.2

Central Chin

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

445022

1233

1921

hū

cover

Lakher [Mara]

1.2.3

Maraic

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

708

443684

1233

1921

khú

cover

Lakher [Mara]

1.2.3

Maraic

VanBik 09 PKC

KVB-PKC

434

239340

1233,m

270

küp◦bang

cover

Ao (Chungli)

1.3.1

Central Naga (Ao Group)

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

249205

888,1233

963

cho◦khab

shoe

Lotha Naga

1.3.1

Central Naga (Ao Group)

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

171725

320,1233

963

yin◦kep

claw

Lotha Naga

1.3.1

Central Naga (Ao Group)

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

248110

m,1233

1672

me◦khüp

roof

Yimchungrü

1.3.1

Central Naga (Ao Group)

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

239350

1233

1347

gum

cover

Rongmei / Nruanghmei

1.3.3

Zeme Group

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

239348

1233

1137

gum

cover

Mzieme

1.3.3

Zeme Group

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

239370

1233

1062

kup

cover

Mikir [Karbi]

1.5

Mikir [Karbi]

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

474656

1233

1973

khep-

close, to cover, to spread out, to put on clothes

Atong

1.7.1.3

Koch

van Breugel 08 Atong

SVB-GA

474719

1233

1973

khup-

close, to cover, to spread out, to put on clothes

Atong

1.7.1.3

Koch

van Breugel 08 Atong

SVB-GA

474736

1233

1973

khyp-

close, to cover, to spread out, to put on clothes

Atong

1.7.1.3

Koch

van Breugel 08 Atong

SVB-GA

78653

1233

161

kup

cover / shut

*Northern Naga

1.7.2

Northern Naga/Konyakian

French 83

WTF-PNN

472

78654

1233

161

kuːp

cover / shut

*Northern Naga

1.7.2

Northern Naga/Konyakian

French 83

WTF-PNN

472

239349

p,1233

1188

ka◦hap

cover

Nocte

1.7.2.1

Tangsa-Nocte

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

239358

p,1233

1490

a◦hip

cover

Tangsa (Yogli)

1.7.2.1

Tangsa-Nocte

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

5766

1233

428

gáp

Chang

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

661

239343

1233

429

kap

cover

Chang

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

257587

1233

429

kap

shut

Chang

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

5767

1233

786

²³gɪap

Khiamngan

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Weidert 87 TBTo

AW-TBT

661

257589

1233

807

kep

shut

Konyak

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

239344

1233

807

küp

cover

Konyak

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

488610

1233

1978

gap³³

close (box, etc.) / cover

Phom

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Burling 98 Phom

BP-PPWL

239351

1233

1281

küp

cover

Phom

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

257598

1233

1281

küp

shut

Phom

1.7.2.2

Konyak-Chang

Marrison 67 Naga

GEM-CNL

31533

1233

676

gàp

cover / top

Jingpho

1.7.3.1

Jingpho

Matisoff 74 TJLB

JAM-TJLB

327

31534

p,1233

676

mə◦gàp

cover

Jingpho

1.7.3.1

Jingpho

Matisoff 74 TJLB

JAM-TJLB

327

266775

1233,s

721

kap◦pā

covered

adj

Kaike

2.1.2

Bodic

Hale 73 CSD

AH-CSDPN

12c.14

76194

1233,s

1580

sgab-pa

cover

Tibetan (Written)

2.1.2.1

Tibetan

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

48323

1233

171

ᴬgap

lid

*TGTM

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

175447

1233

172

ᴬgap

cover

*TGTM

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

266770

1233,s

596

kā:q◦bā:

covered

adj

Gurung

2.1.4

Tamangish

Hale 73 CSD

AH-CSDPN

12c.14

65549

1233,s

604

kaːq◦baː

covered

Gurung (Ghachok)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Glover 72 GuVo

SIL-Gur

12.C.14

48108

1233

603

²kaː

lid

Gurung (Ghachok)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

48109

1233

1001

³kje

lid

Manang (Ngawal)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

48103

1233

1454

³kap

lid

Tamang (Risiangku)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

175438

1233

1456

³kap

cover / lid

Tamang (Risiangku)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

48104

1233

1461

³kap

lid

Tamang (Sahu)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

175440

1233

1462

³kap

cover, lid

Tamang (Sahu)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

175442

1233,s

1467

³kap-pa

cover

Tamang (Taglung)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

266772

1233,m,m

1520

kahp-ci-wa

covered

adj

Thakali

2.1.4

Tamangish

Hale 73 CSD

AH-CSDPN

12c.14

175446

1233

1524

goʱ-wa

cover

Thakali (Marpha)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

48106

1233

1523

³ko

lid

Thakali (Marpha)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

175445

1233

1524

³koʱ

cover / lid

Thakali (Marpha)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

48107

1233

1525

³ko

lid

Thakali (Syang)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

67289

1233

1531

kɔhp

cover / lid

Thakali (Tukche)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Hari 71a ThVo

SIL-Thak

6.A.58

67292

1233,m,m

1531

kɔhp-ci-wɔ

covered

Thakali (Tukche)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Hari 71a ThVo

SIL-Thak

12.C.14

168365

1233,m

1531

kɔhp-lɔ

cover

Thakali (Tukche)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Hari 71a ThVo

SIL-Thak

7.B.1.34 3

175443

1233

1530

³kəp

cover / lid

Thakali (Tukche)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

175444

1233,m

1530

³kəp-lə

cover

Thakali (Tukche)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 94 These

MM-Thesis

142

48105

1233

1529

³kʌp

lid

Thakali (Tukche)

2.1.4

Tamangish

Mazaudon 78 Tam

MM-K78

148269

1233

1878

khapt-

cover (e.g. so. with a blanket), to roof

Limbu

2.3.1

Eastern Kiranti

Driem 88? LimA

SVD-LimA

61007

1233

822

khəpp-u

cover (with a lid)

Kulung

2.3.2

Southern Kiranti

Rai 75 Kul

RPHH-Kul

60980

1233

822

kupp-u

brood (eggs)

Kulung

2.3.2

Southern Kiranti

Rai 75 Kul

RPHH-Kul

72949

1233,s

547

khop◦nɨ

cover, cap

Dumi

2.3.3

Central Kiranti

Driem 93 Dumi

SVD-Dum

72866

1233,m,s

547

kop◦mɨt◦nɨ

cover someone with a blanket

Dumi

2.3.3

Central Kiranti

Driem 93 Dumi

SVD-Dum

266774

1233,m

759

kap◦sio

covered

adj

Kham

2.4

Kham-Magar-Chepang

Hale 73 CSD

AH-CSDPN

12c.14

266773

1233,m

990

hup-ke

covered

adj

Magar

2.4

Kham-Magar-Chepang

Hale 73 CSD

AH-CSDPN

12c.14

510485

1233

1996

qhù

cover (with blanket)

Qiang (Longxi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

1905

508180

1233,m

1996

qhù tá

cover

Qiang (Longxi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

916

510481

1233

1996

qhú

cover (with earth)

Qiang (Longxi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

1904

511213

1233

1996

qhú

cover

v.t.

Qiang (Longxi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

2178

508178

m,1233

1996

tà qhó

cover

Qiang (Longxi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

916

507887

m,1233

1997

qà qù

lid, cover (of cup)

Qiang (Mianchi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

759

508179

m,1233

1997

qà qù

cover (for cup)

Qiang (Mianchi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

916

507888

m,1233

1997

tshà qù

lid, cover

Qiang (Mianchi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

759

508181

m,1233

1997

tshà qù

cover (for pot)

Qiang (Mianchi)

3.2

Qiangic

Evans 99 Qiang

JPE-SQiang

916

38791

1233

207

xɔp⁵⁵

sit on, hatch (egg)

Achang (Luxi)

6.1.1

Burmish

Dai 85 AcJZ

JZ-Achang

287268

1233

207

ɔp⁵⁵

sit

Achang (Luxi)

6.1.1

Burmish

Dai 85 AcJZ

JZ-Achang

17541

1233

209

xup⁵⁵

incubate

Achang (Xiandao)

6.1.1

Burmish

Dai 89 Xian

DQ-Xiandao

1834

16102

1233

1218

ɣɔ̱³¹

incubate

Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)

6.1.2.1

Northern Loloish

Dai 89 NusA

DQ-NusuA

1834.

16349

1233

1216

ɣɔ̱⁵³

incubate

Nusu (Central)

6.1.2.1

Northern Loloish

Dai 89 NusB

DQ-NusuB

1834.

57354

1233

123

ɣwýq

brood (eggs)

*Karen (Pwo)

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

57359

1233

125

ɣý

brood (eggs)

*Karen (Sgaw)

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

57357

1233

124

ɣỳh

brood (eggs)

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

307508

1233

1235

khóʔ

brood, sit on eggs

Pa-O

Karenic

Solnit 89 PaO

DBS-PaO

57353

1233

1242

khóʔ

brood (eggs)

Pa-O

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

57356

1233

1272

ɣỳ

brood (eggs)

Pwo (Bassein)

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

57355

1233

1279

ɣúʔ

brood (eggs)

Pwo (Moulmein)

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

57361

1233

1394

hý

brood (eggs)

Sgaw (Bassein)

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

15065

1233

746

xɯ̱⁵⁵

incubate

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)

Karenic

Dai 89 KarB

DQ-KarenB

1899

15066

1233,300

746

xɯ̱⁵⁵ di̱³¹

incubate

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)

Karenic

Dai 89 KarB

DQ-KarenB

1899.1

57360

1233

1399

ɣý

brood (eggs)

Sgaw (Moulmein)

Karenic

Jones 61

RBJ-KLS

356

76738

1233

478

gap

cover

Chinese (Old)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

76739

1233

478

kabh

cover

Chinese (Old)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

296075

1233

471

kaps

cover / conceal

Chinese (Old)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Baxter 92

WHB-OC

1731

296169

1233

471

kaps

cover

Chinese (Old)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Baxter 92

WHB-OC

1825

76745

1233

478

ʔjap

cover

Chinese (Old)

9.0.1

Old Chinese

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

76741

1233

468

ɣâp

cover

Chinese (Middle)

9.0.2

Middle Chinese

Coblin 86

WSC-SH

Chinese comparanda

蓋 OC *gɑ̂p/*kɑ̂b>*kɑ̂d, GSR #642q, ‘to cover, thatch’ ⪤ ‘a cover, lid’; Li 1971: *gap/*kabh>*kadh; Baxter 1992 #1732, 1731: *ɦkap/*kaps>*kats; Mand. hé ⪤ gài.

These two related words perhaps derive from an unattested root *kap. The noun has an *‑s suffix, which derives a passive noun from a transitive verb (i.e. ‘the thing that is used to cover’ > ‘a lid’). In the verb form, Baxter’s *ɦkap develops as *gap, the notation suggesting morphological derivation from a root with initial *k‑. While voicing derivation is a well-known Old Chinese morphological process, it usually derives intransitives from transitive verbs, so the function here is not clear.

The only difficulty with the TB comparison is the vowel. While Baxter’s six-vowel system permits the possibility of reconstructing *ɦkop or *gop for the verb, the noun must be reconstructed with *a to account for subsequent sound changes, and this forces a reconstruction of *a in the verb as well.

It is possible that OC *a corresponds regularly to PTB *o before bilabial codas. Unfortunately, there are very few proposed cognate sets that would help us establish or refute such a possibility.
[ZJH]

盍 OC *g’ɑ̂p, GSR #642n-o ‘join, unite; door leaf’; Schuessler 2007:275 *gâp; B & S 2011: *m‑kˁap {m‑[k]ˁap}; Mand. hé.

蓋 OC *g’ɑ̂p; *kɑ̂b > *kɑ̂d; GSR #642q-r ‘thatch, cover (v.); cover, lid (n.)’; Schuessler 2007:275 *kâts < *kâps; B & S 2011: *kˁap‑s {[k]ˁap‑s}; Mand. gài.

閤 OC *kəp, GSR #675i ‘small gate’; Schuessler 2007:274 *kə̂p; B & S 2011: *kˁop {[k]ˁ[o]p}; Mand. gé.

蛤 OC *kəp, GSR #675h ‘oyster, mussel’; Schuessler 2007:274 *kə̂p; B & S 2011: (*kˁop); Mand. gé.

合 OC *g’əp, GSR #675a-d ‘join, unite; harmony; close, shut’; Schuessler 2007:274 *gə̂p; B & S 2011: *m‑kˁop; Mand. hé.

洽 OC *g’ɛp, GSR #675m ‘unite, assemble; accord with’; Schuessler 2007:274 *grə̂p; B & S 2011: *ɢˁ‹r›op {[ɢ]ˁ‹r›[o]p}; Mand. qià.

翕 OC *χi̯əp, GSR #675q ‘united; harmonious’; Schuessler 2007:274 (*həp); B & S 2011: *qʰəp {qʰ(r)[ə]p}; Mand. xì.

#1233 PTB *(g/k)wap HATCH / INCUBATE / COVER

Chinese comparanda