STEDT Etymon #90
1.0 The Body > 1.9 Reproductive System > 1.9.2 Birth
#90 PTB *m/s-ŋa-y SMALL / INFERIOR / OFFSPRING |
This etymon has a range of meanings from ‘small’ to ‘child’ to ‘give birth’. Most reflexes descend from a diphthongal prototype in *‑ay, but occasionally from monophthongal *‑a (e.g. Yi Dafang a³³ ŋa⁵⁵ [see *g‑sow above], and Bokar Lhoba a‑ŋaː), so that this is a good candidate for a putative PTB palatal suffix, one of the functions of which is to mark diminutives. See Matisoff 1995 and DL:783-784.
Chinese 兒 ‘child’ (Mand. ér) is a plausible comparandum.
| rn | analysis | lgid | reflex | gloss | gfn | language | grpid | grpno | grp | genetic | citation | srcabbr | srcid | rn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30442 | 90 | 177 | ŋay | small / inferior / offspring | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 111 | 0 | |
| 515606 | 90 | 2012 | ŋay | small / inferior / offspring | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 606 | 0 | |
| 60882 | 90 | 181 | ŋay | small | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 211 | 1 | |
| 283020 | 90 | 173 | ŋaː | baby | *Tani | 5 | 1.1.1 | Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 HCST | JS-HCST | 11 | 0 | |
| 150939 | p,90 | 285 | à-ŋa | baby | Apatani | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 158906 | p,90 | 285 | à-ŋa | small child | Apatani | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 155329 | p,90 | 286 | ə-ŋa | infant | Apatani | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 173222 | p,90,6339 | 287 | ə-ŋa gɯ | carry on back / pregnant | Apatani | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 HCST | JS-HCST | 0 | ||
| 157612 | p,90,6339,m | 286 | ə-ŋa-gɯ-nɯ | pregnant | Apatani | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 155328 | p,90 | 285 | ɯ-ŋa | infant | Apatani | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 157607 | p,90,m | 285 | ɯ-ŋá-gɯ | pregnancy | Apatani | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 173065 | p,90 | 333 | a-ŋɯː | baby | Bengni | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 HCST | JS-HCST | 0 | ||
| 150943 | p,90 | 334 | a-ŋɯː | baby | Bengni | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 155330 | p,90 | 334 | a-ŋɯː | infant | Bengni | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 358119 | p,90,p,m | 1820 | a ŋaː a ken | orphan | n | Bokar | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0252.24 | 0 |
| 173066 | p,90 | 360 | a-ŋaː | baby | Bokar | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 HCST | JS-HCST | 0 | ||
| 152166 | p,90 | 365 | a-ŋaː | child (small~) | Bokar | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 157049 | p,90,p,m | 365 | a-ŋaː a-ken | orphan | Bokar | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 353754 | 90,m | 1820 | ŋaː tɕiŋ | baby | n | Bokar | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0170.24 | 0 |
| 150944 | 90,m | 365 | ŋəː-ǰiŋ | baby | Bokar | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 441439 | p,90 | 366 | a◦ŋaː | child | Bokar Lhoba | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Sun H 80 MLD | SLZO-MLD | 0 | ||
| 489925 | m,90 | 1979 | `ta◦ɲaa | child (last) | n. | Galo | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09 | GLDC-GED | 0 | |
| 489166 | p,90 | 1979 | `uŋ◦ŋaa | baby | n. | Galo | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09 | GLDC-GED | 0 | |
| 492095 | p,90 | 1979 | `uŋ◦ŋaa | infant | n. | Galo | 73 | 1.1.1.1 | Western Tani | 1 | Rɨbaa,Post,et al. 09 | GLDC-GED | 0 | |
| 150945 | p,90 | 498 | ʔa-ŋaː | baby | Damu | 74 | 1.1.1.2 | Eastern Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 160439 | p,90,p,m,m,m | 498 | ʔa-ŋaː ʔa ȵi xo dɯŋ | twin | Damu | 74 | 1.1.1.2 | Eastern Tani | 1 | Sun J 93 Tani | JS-Tani | 0 | ||
| 598 | 90,90 | 1070 | ŋa-ŋa | baby | Milang | 74 | 1.1.1.2 | Eastern Tani | 1 | Tayeng 76 Mil | AT-MPB | 0 | ||
| 619204 | 90 | 2229 | [h]ŋaj | BABY, CHILD | *Central Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Bruhn 14 PCN | DWB-PCN | III.045 | 0 | |
| 620251 | 90,m | 2231 | ŋa³-roʔ³ | child, baby | n. | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Bruhn 14 PCN | DWB-PCN | III.045 | 0 |
| 255401 | 90,m | 963 | nga◦ro | baby | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 617417 | 90,m | 2220 | nga◦ro | child | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Murry 78 | LLC-ALV | 16 | 0 | |
| 617416 | 90,m | 2220 | nga◦ro | baby | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Murry 78 | LLC-ALV | 8 | 0 | |
| 132713 | 90,m,m | 965 | Nga◦ro chu | meconium / baby shit | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Nienu 90 LotQ | VN-LothQ | 9.12.2 | 0 | |
| 132656 | 90,m,632 | 965 | Nga◦ro◦ho | baby tooth | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Nienu 90 LotQ | VN-LothQ | 3.10.5 | 0 | |
| 316609 | 90,m | 961 | ŋá◦rò | baby | Lotha Naga | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Acharya 75 | ACH1975 | 0 | ||
| 255409 | p,m,90 | 1364 | a◦khu◦nga | baby | Sangtam | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 618017 | p,m,90 | 1363 | ¹a²ku²ŋa | baby | Sangtam | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Weidert 87 TBTo | AW-TBT | 375 | 0 | |
| 255414 | m,90,m | 1672 | khu◦nga◦rü | baby | Yimchungrü | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 254242 | m,90,m | 1672 | khu◦nga◦rü | child | Yimchungrü | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 618036 | m,90,m | 1671 | ¹ku¹ŋa¹rɯ | baby | Yimchungrü | 63 | 1.3.1 | Central Naga (Ao Group) | 1 | Weidert 87 TBTo | AW-TBT | 375 | 0 | |
| 255406 | p,90 | 1196 | a◦nga | baby | Ntenyi | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 255410 | p,90 | 1382 | a◦nga | baby | Sema [Sumi] | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 343126 | p,90,575 | 1803 | a◦nga ba | meconium / baby shit | Sema [Sumi] | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Achumi 98 | Qbp-Sumi | 9.12.2 | 0 | |
| 343152 | p,90,m | 1803 | a◦nga pola | umbilical cord | Sema [Sumi] | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Achumi 98 | Qbp-Sumi | 10.4.12 | 0 | |
| 342938 | p,90,632 | 1803 | a◦nga-hu | baby tooth | Sema [Sumi] | 65 | 1.3.2 | Angami-Pochuri Group | 1 | Achumi 98 | Qbp-Sumi | 3.10.5 | 0 | |
| 441440 | p,90 | 1040 | ə-ŋaŋ | child | Meithei | 13 | 1.4 | Meithei | 1 | Singh 91 MeiQ | CYS-Meithei | 10.4.15 | 2 | |
| 321838 | p,90 | 350 | ma◦ŋáy | small | Bodo | 80 | 1.7.1.1 | Bodo | 1 | Bhat 68 Boro | Bhat-Boro | 0 | ||
| 29882 | p,90 | 353 | ma◦ŋáy | small | Bodo | 80 | 1.7.1.1 | Bodo | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 111 | 0 | |
| 60626 | p,90 | 356 | ma◦ŋáy | small | Bodo | 80 | 1.7.1.1 | Bodo | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 211 | 0 | |
| 237185 | m,90 | 669 | chi◦ngai | birth, give | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 29878 | p,90 | 672 | šə◦ŋài | birth, give | v | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 111 | 0 |
| 60623 | p,90 | 683 | ʃa³¹ ŋai³¹ | bear children | v | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 211 | 0 |
| 425077 | p,90 | 1814 | ʃă³¹ ŋai³¹ | birth, give to | v. | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1620.19 | 0 |
| 380079 | p,90 | 1814 | ʃă³¹ŋai³¹ | birthday | n | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0682.19 | 0 |
| 219456 | p,90 | 690 | ʃă³¹ŋai³¹ | birth, give | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 774.47 | 0 | |
| 41275 | p,90 | 679 | ʃa¹ ŋai³¹ | birth, give (to child) | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Liu 84 | JZ-Jingpo | 0 | ||
| 29877 | 90 | 672 | ʔŋāi | birth, give | v | Jingpho | 37 | 1.7.3.1 | Jingpho | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 111 | 0 |
| 130948 | p,m,90,m | 618 | ta◦lŋa kʰŋɛ◦tʰi | birth, give | rGyalrong (NW) | 78 | 3.3.1 | rGyalrong | 1 | Sun H 91 rNW | SHK-rGNWQ | 10.4.15 | 0 | |
| 288278 | 90 | 201 | ŋɛ⁵⁵ | small | Achang (Lianghe) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 85 AcJZ | JZ-Achang | 0 | ||
| 60629 | 90 | 203 | ŋɛ⁵⁵ | small | Achang (Lianghe) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 211 | 0 | |
| 287454 | 90 | 207 | ŋəi³¹ | small | Achang (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Dai 85 AcJZ | JZ-Achang | 0 | ||
| 60628 | 90 | 208 | ŋəi³¹ | small | Achang (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 211 | 0 | |
| 394722 | 90 | 1829 | ŋai⁵⁵ | small | adj | Bola (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0965.32 | 0 |
| 394717 | 90 | 1823 | ŋɛ²² | small | adj | Burmese (Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0965.27 | 0 |
| 220855 | 90 | 1428 | ŋɛ²² | small | Burmese (Spoken Rangoon) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 801.40 | 0 | |
| 257921 | 90 | 392 | ṅay | small | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 133010 | 90 | 394 | nây | small | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Hansson 89 AHKP | ILH-PL | 120 | 0 | |
| 29879 | 90 | 397 | ŋai | small, little, inferior | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 111 | 0 | |
| 440084 | 90 | 406 | ŋai | small, little, inferior | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 76 WBur | PKB-WBRD | 0 | ||
| 60624 | 90 | 407 | ŋai | small, little, inferior | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | LaPolla 87 | RJL-DPTB | 211 | 0 | |
| 29880 | 90,m,m,m | 397 | ŋai cañ toŋ kyê | since childhood | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 111 | 0 | |
| 29881 | 90,90,m,m | 397 | ŋai-ŋai kəthañ ka | since childhood | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Matisoff 85 GSTC | JAM-GSTC | 111 | 0 | |
| 394716 | 90 | 1822 | ŋɑj² | small | adj | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0965.26 | 0 |
| 220829 | 90 | 411 | ŋɑj² | small | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 801.39 | 0 | |
| 394721 | 90 | 1828 | ŋai³¹ | small | adj | Langsu (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0965.31 | 0 |
| 399510 | 90 | 1828 | ŋai³¹ | young | Langsu (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 1059.31 | 0 | |
| 394723 | 90 | 1830 | ŋɛː³¹ | small | adj | Leqi (Luxi) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Huang and Dai 92 TBL | TBL | 0965.33 | 0 |
| 220831 | 90 | 1034 | ŋai³¹ | small | Maru [Langsu] | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 801.43 | 0 | |
| 11940 | 90 | 152 | nay²/¹ | young | *Loloish | 45 | 6.1.2 | Loloish | 1 | Bradley 79 PLo | DB-PLolo | 534 | 0 | |
| 195040 | p,90 | 1658 | a³³ŋa⁵⁵ | child | Yi (Dafang) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 295.22 | 0 | |
| 220848 | 90 | 1663 | ŋɛ⁵⁵ | small | Yi (Mojiang) | 46 | 6.1.2.1 | Northern Loloish | 1 | Sun H 91 ZMYY | ZMYYC | 801.26 | 0 | |
| 295787 | 90 | 471 | ngje | child | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Baxter 92 | WHB-OC | 1452 | 0 | |
| 294662 | 90 | 471 | ngje | child / son | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Baxter 92 | WHB-OC | 352 | 0 | |
| 600051 | 90 | 2210 | ŋe | child | Chinese (Old) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | BaxterSagart 2011 | WHBLS-2011 | 635 | 0 |
兒 OC *ńi̯ĕg, GSR #873a-d ‘child’; Li 1971: *ngrjig; Baxter 1992 #1452: *ngje; Mand. ér.
In Li’s system, *‑rj‑ is reconstructed to account for the palatalization of the velar initial in Middle Chinese. This palatalizing medial is no longer accepted by most scholars today. In Baxter’s system, medial *‑r‑ blocks palatalization, and must be omitted.
The TB/Chinese correspondences look good. We would expect *a vocalism in Chinese, but *i (Li) / *e (Baxter) could be the result of an original *a fusing irregularly with the palatal suffix. As seen in #519 PTB *s‑tay NAVEL / ABDOMEN / CENTER / SELF and #1160 PTB *ŋ‑(w)aːy COPULATE / MAKE LOVE / LOVE / GENTLE), TB *‑ay may correspond to OC *‑əd (Li) / *‑ɨj (Baxter), and there is some evidence that OC *‑ig (Li) / *‑e (Baxter) also can correspond to this same TB final. Consider, for example, ‘crab’ (STC #51), TB *d‑kay, which is likely cognate to 蟹 OC *grigx ‘crab’ (Li), Mand xiè (see STC p. 166, GSR #861d).
Schuessler (2007:225) believes that this is an area word, with connections to forms in Austroasiatic and Miao-Yao.
[ZJH]