5.0 Culture, Artifacts, Religion > 5.15 War and violence

#2386 PTB *g/b/m-la-y BOW / ARROW

Reconstructed mesoroots below:

This root is very likely allofamic with #2191 PTB *m‑da ARROW. The alternation between apical stops and laterals in TB has been discussed in detail in Matisoff 2013 (“The dinguist’s dilemma”).

STC (p.176, n.469) identifies this TB root with 弋 OC *di̯ək ‘shoot with arrow with string attached / arrow (of this type)’ (GSR #918a-b), with an unexplained velar suffix.

rnanalysislgidreflexglossgfnlanguagegrpidgrpnogrpgeneticcitationsrcabbrsrcidrn
76502386175b-|laarrow*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
724002386182b-|laarrow*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
608802386,2386181b-|la ⪤ m-|laarrow*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
200152386174blɑarrow*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Chou 72ACST918a-b0
51530623862012g/|b/|m-|la-|yarrow*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5990
76512386175mlaarrow*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
52376423862034laarrowMaring111.3“Naga” Areal Group0Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
23648823861019laarrowMaring111.3“Naga” Areal Group0Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
61919423862229laʔBOWn.*Central Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.0350
6202322386,m2231lo²tshəʔ¹bow / arrown.Lotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Bruhn 14 PCNDWB-PCNIII.0350
6173402386,m,m2220lo◦tssi◦tsüngarrowLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Murry 78LLC-ALV60
2364862386,m963lo◦tsüarrowLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
316909p,2386961ō◦lóbowLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Acharya 75ACH19750
237954p,2386963o◦lobow (for shooting)Lotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
617544p,23862220o◦lobowLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Murry 78LLC-ALV110
4207p,2386962¹o²lo(ʔ)bow (for arrows)nLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
2362p,2386962¹o²lo(ʔ)bow (for arrows)nLotha Naga631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT420
237964m,23861364thsa◦lubow (for shooting)Sangtam631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
2365002386,741640la◦sanarrowYacham-Tengsa631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
23797023861640lubow (for shooting)Yacham-Tengsa631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
6185742658,23862206sang-lühbowYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Kumar 73 YimBBK-Yim620
42092658,23861671¹saŋ¹lɯʔbow (for arrows)nYimchungrü631.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
237946m,2386252ti◦lübow (for shooting)Angami (Khonoma)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
237955p,23861017o◦lobow (for shooting)Mao651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
237958m,23861050tsokra◦labow (for shooting)Meluri651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
237961p,23861196a◦labow (for shooting)Ntenyi651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
236493p,2386,m1196a◦la◦chuarrowNtenyi651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
237951m,2386790i◦labow (for shooting)Khoirao641.3.3Zeme Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
2364832386790nlaarrowKhoirao641.3.3Zeme Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
52876423862031labow / arrow*Tangkhulic661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk3200
526363m,23862029ma-luarrowChamphung661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
525456m,m,23862023ʔa-mə-learrow, bowHuishu661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkImplements.0020
524944m,23862022mə-lubow; arrowKachai661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkImplements.0020
237966m,23861471ma◦labow (for shooting)Tangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
60612m,23861481mə◦laarrowTangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
71801m,23861484mə◦laarrowTangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
4206m,2386,m,m1469¹mə¹la²thei³rɯarrowTangkhul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
526179m,23862026ma-laarrowTankghul (Central)661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
526241m,23862027ma-laarrowTangkhul (Northern)661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
526302m,23862028ma-laarrowTangkhul (Standard)661.3.4Tangkhulic1Brown 37 IndoBRO18370
620824m,2386,m2024mə-le-tʰɯə̃arrowTusom661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-TkImplements.0020
525835m,23862025mə-labow, arrowUkhrul661.3.4Tangkhulic1Mortensen 12 TkDRM-Tk0
321067m,2386350bər◦labowBodo801.7.1.1Bodo1Bhat 68 BoroBhat-Boro0
321068m,2386350bə◦lábowBodo801.7.1.1Bodo1Bhat 68 BoroBhat-Boro0
2365032386531balaarrowDimasa801.7.1.1Bodo1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
606112386533balaarrowDimasa801.7.1.1Bodo1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
718002386534balaarrowDimasa801.7.1.1Bodo1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
42022386568braarrowGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
606102386578braarrowGaro811.7.1.2Garo1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
717992386579braarrowGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
5148872386,742037(la)-dzaːnarrow*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5880
290792386,74160(la-)dzaːnarrow*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC0140
784812386,74161laᴮ dzaːnarrow*Northern Naga121.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1French 83WTF-PNN4520
290812386,741189la◦t-|chanarrowNocte841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC0140
2364912386,741188la◦tchanarrowNocte841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
290802386,741103la-sanarrowTangsa (Moshang)841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC0140
2364982386,741489la◦sanarrowTangsa (Moshang)841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
42032386,74428làuˇ-jìnarrowChang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
2364812386,74429lau◦chanarrowChang851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
290832386,74808la-hanarrowKonyak851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Matisoff 85 GSTCJAM-GSTC0140
2364842386,74807la◦hanarrowKonyak851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
4883502386,741978læʔ³³hæn⁵⁵arrowPhom851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Burling 98 PhomBP-PPWL0
717952386665məlaarrowJili371.7.3.1Jingpho1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
315852386676məláarrowJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Matisoff 74 TJLBJAM-TJLB3090
2365042386669palaarrowJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
315862386676pəláarrowJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Matisoff 74 TJLBJAM-TJLB3090
606082386684pəlaarrowJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
717942386685pəlaarrowJingpho371.7.3.1Jingpho1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
20181523861092blᴀ⁵³arrowTshona (Mama)222.1.2Bodic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.60
6060623861173balāarrowNewar272.2Newar1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
7179123861175balāarrowNewar272.2Newar1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
606052386304blaarrowBahing302.3.4Western Kiranti1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
717892386305blaarrowBahing302.3.4Western Kiranti1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
606042386647bloarrowHayu302.3.4Western Kiranti1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
717902386648bloarrowHayu302.3.4Western Kiranti1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
606072386996myaarrowMagar282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
717922386997myaarrowMagar282.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
50816123861997lə̀arrowQiang (Mianchi)343.2Qiangic1Evans 99 QiangJPE-SQiang9030
20179223861323lə³³arrowQiang (Taoping)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.90
3777342386,m1812lɛ⁵⁵si³³arrownXumi343.2Qiangic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.170
60603p,23861203thə◦maarrowAnong384Nungic1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
71793p,23861205thə◦maarrowAnong384Nungic1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
502130p,23861982thə◦mɑ⁵³arrowRawang384Nungic1LaPolla 03RJL-Rawang7050
377738p,23861817thɑ³¹mɑ⁵⁵arrownNung384Nungic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.210
201834p,2386269thɑ³¹mɑ⁵⁵arrowAnong384Nungic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.440
377737p,23861816tɯ³¹mɑ⁵⁵arrownDulong384Nungic1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.200
201835p,2386537tɯ³¹mɑ⁵⁵arrowTrung [Dulong]384Nungic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.460
60601p,2386539tɯ³¹ ma⁵⁵arrowTrung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)384Nungic1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
60602p,2386541tɯ³¹ ma⁵⁵arrowTrung [Dulong] (Nujiang)384Nungic1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
299247p,2386540tɯ³¹mɑ⁵⁵arrowTrung [Dulong] (Nujiang)384Nungic1Sun H 82 DulJZ-Dulong0
37774423861823hmjɑ⁵⁵arrownBurmese (Rangoon)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.270
20183223861428m̥jɑ⁵⁵arrowBurmese (Spoken Rangoon)446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.400
41962386390hmràarrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
1330972386394hmrâarrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL440
315872386401hmrâarrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Matisoff 74 TJLBJAM-TJLB3090
4398942386406hmrâarrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 76 WBurPKB-WBRD0
606092386407hmràarrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1LaPolla 87RJL-DPTB2090
3042452386409hmràarrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC112n3140
2018062386411hmrɑ³arrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.390
2365022386392mhrā:arrowBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
37774323861822mrɑ³arrownBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.260
7179723861295byaarrowPhön446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
233568bShan,2386653káŋ◦myàarrow (cp. Crossbow)Hpun (Northern)446.1.1Burmish1Henderson 86 HpunEJAH-Hpun0
3777502386,m1830mjo³³ʃɿ⁵⁵arrownLeqi (Luxi)446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.330
419823861023myōarrowMaru [Langsu]446.1.1Burmish1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
377747m,23861827lai²¹mjo²¹arrownAtsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.300
201833m,23861693lai²¹mjo²¹arrowAtsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.420
419723861679myòarrowAtsi [Zaiwa]446.1.1Burmish1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
42002386151C-|mla²arrow*Loloish456.1.2Loloish1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
112892386152C-|mla²arrow*Loloish456.1.2Loloish1Bradley 79 PLoDB-PLolo266A0
1330962386153C-|mla²arrow*Loloish456.1.2Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL440
33520223861219mɹa³⁵arrowNusu (Northern)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun J 86 NusuJZ-Nusu0
37775123861831mɹa⁵⁵arrownNusu (Central)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.340
20180923861215mɹɑ⁵⁵arrowNusu (Bijiang)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.450
3361022386,m1220mɹɑ⁵⁵kuɑ³¹arrowNusu (Southern)466.1.2.1Northern Loloish1Sun J 86 NusuJZ-Nusu0
2780562386946mja²¹head of arrow; iron head of arrowNLisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
2780572386,m946mja²¹da⁴⁴arrow shaft (with head)Lisu (Northern)476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Bradley 94 LisuDB-Lisu0
41992386921myàarrowLisu476.1.2.2Central Loloish1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT2560
1347635678,2386243kaq mjàcrossbow arrowAkha (Thai)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL440
1347645678,2386244kaq mjàcrossbow arrowAkha (Yunnan)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL440
1330982386228mjàarrowAkha486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL440
2018025678,2386510ka̱³³mja³¹arrowHani (Dazhai)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC428.310
3777585678,23861839ka̱³¹mja³¹arrownHani (Lüchun)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0637.410
3001715678,2386630ka̱³³mja³¹arrowHani (Gelanghe)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Li Yongsui 86 HaniJZ-Hani0
1347655678,2386635gav◦miaqcrossbow arrowHani (Wordlist)486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL440
717985678,2386751ka-mlaarrowKha Li486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Benedict 72 STCSTC4490
13310023861115mjo²arrowMpi486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Hansson 89 AHKPILH-PL440
43508323861120mjo²arrowMpi486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Srinuan 76SD-MPD0
45880023861961bla31arrowPyen486.1.2.3Southern Loloish1Shintani 09 PyenST-PL1440140
30452623861736blaarrow*Karen507Karenic1Benedict 72 STCSTC139n3750
3044442386,23861736bla/plaarrow*Karen507Karenic1Benedict 72 STCSTC133n3630
52928423862038blaᴮarrow, dart*Karen507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK4 1
52962423862039phla¹arrow, dart*Karen [Burling]507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
53095223862044blɛ³³arrow, dartBwe507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
53065423862043pla¹¹arrow, dartKayah507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
53036123862042pla¹¹arrow, dartKayan507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
49801323861981plāarrowNKayan (Pekon)507Karenic1Manson 10 KayanKM-Kayan0
53119823862045ple¹¹arrow, dartKayaw507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
30718423861235pláarrowPa-O507Karenic1Solnit 89 PaODBS-PaO0
53009623862041pla³³arrow, dartPa-O (Southern)507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
52981823862040pla⁵⁵arrow, dartPa-O (Northern)507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
53212423862048pla¹¹¨arrow, dartPwo (Northern)507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
53240523862049phla³³arrow, dartPwo (Southern)507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
53182423862047pla³¹arrow, dartSgaw (Southern)507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40
53151223862046pla¹¹¨arrow, dartSgaw (Northern)507Karenic1Luangthongkum 13TL-PK40

Chinese comparandum

射 OC *d̂’i̯ɑ̆k, GSR #807a ‘hit (v.) with arrow’; Schuessler 2007:463-4 *m‑lak; B & S 2011: *Cə.lak {Cə.lAk}; Mand. shí.
射 OC *d̂’i̯ɑ̆g, GSR #807a ‘shoot (v.); archer’; Schuessler 2007:463-4 *m‑lakh; B & S 2011: *Cə.lak‑s {Cə.lAk‑s}; Mand. shè.


^ 1.
[Source note] Irregular vowels in Kayah (KH) and Kayaw (KW), i.e. they should be e and a in KH and KW, respectively. S.Karen (SK) tones suggest *bl-, while those in N.Karen (NK) indicate *pl-.