| *ŋa-y |
‘1st person pronoun / self’ |
1, 38, 162, 165, 167, 173, 174, 208, 231, 487 |
PTB |
| *na-ŋ |
‘2nd person pronoun’ |
2, 177, 264 |
PTB |
| *naŋ¹ |
‘2nd person pronoun’ |
2, 37, 249 |
PLB |
| *zaŋ² |
‘3rd person pronoun’ |
3, 28 |
PLB |
| *s-r(y)ak |
‘a full day / spend the night’ |
77, 323, 328 |
PTB |
| *byar ~ pyar |
‘affix / sew / plait / braid’ |
390, 401 |
PTB |
| *datL |
‘alive’ |
330 |
PLB |
| *s-riŋ ~ s-r(y)aŋ |
‘alive / green / raw / give birth / be born’ |
29, 78, 282, 283, 307, 506, 528 |
PTB |
| *ka¹ |
‘all’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *kun |
‘all’ |
278 |
PTB |
| *sya-n |
‘animal / body / flesh / meat’ |
32, 88, 102, 118, 139, 140, 150, 162, 165, 169, 172, 177, 278, 448, 475 |
PTB |
| *p-rwakH |
‘ant’ |
154, 321 |
PLB |
| *g/p-rwak |
‘ant’ |
94, 139, 321 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ya² |
‘antelope’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *bi¹ |
‘anvil’ |
187 |
PLB |
| *ŋaːw |
‘ape’ |
227 |
PTB |
| *ku(ː)m |
‘arched / vaulted / convex / concave’ |
276 |
PTB |
| *m-sow |
‘arise / awake(n)’ |
56, 117, 223 |
PTB |
| *g-li |
‘armpit / tickle’ |
186 |
PTB |
| *g-yak |
‘armpit / tickle / cubit’ |
51, 317, 326, 329 |
PTB |
| *(la)-dzaːn |
‘arrow’ |
260 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-dzan¹ |
‘arrow’ |
260 |
PLB |
| *m-da |
‘arrow’ |
50 |
PTB |
| *g/b/m-la-y |
‘arrow’ |
50, 80, 133, 145, 165, 486 |
PTB |
| *tal |
‘arrow / bow’ |
387, 404, 422 |
PTB |
| *l-tak |
‘ascend / lift / raise / top’ |
317, 326 |
PTB |
| *s-r(y)ak |
‘ashamed’ |
29, 46, 78, 317, 326 |
PTB |
| *g-yak |
‘ashamed’ |
46, 95, 136, 317, 326 |
PTB |
| *ney ~ ni(y) |
‘aunt’ |
193, 218, 509 |
PTB |
| *sru(w) |
‘aunt / elder sister’ |
77, 198, 475 |
PTB |
| *s-nəw² |
‘awake(n) / conscious’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *ti-t |
‘awed / startled’ |
462 |
PTB |
| *ʔ/s-nu¹ |
‘awn (of grain) / panicle’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *r-pʷa |
‘axe’ |
61, 127, 171, 172 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-nukL |
‘back’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *hyak |
‘back’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *s-nuŋ ~ s-nuk |
‘back / behind / after’ |
102, 286, 289, 479, 520 |
PTB |
| *ka² |
‘back / loins’ |
428 |
PLB |
| *ʔip ~ ʔiːt |
‘bag / sack’ |
533 |
PTB |
| *hwa |
‘bamboo’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *r-wa |
‘bamboo’ |
44 |
PTB |
| *g-pʷa ~ r-pʷa |
‘bamboo’ |
61, 62, 134, 162, 175, 305, 387 |
PTB |
| *wa² |
‘bamboo’ |
62 |
PLB |
| *bwəy |
‘bamboo rat’ |
196 |
PTB |
| *s-m(y)ik |
‘bamboo sprout’ |
344, 348 |
PTB |
| *ʔney |
‘bamboo strip (for tying)’ |
216, 510 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-nay¹/² |
‘bamboo strip (for tying)’ |
216, 510 |
PLB |
| *b-riŋ |
‘bark (as dog)’ |
132 |
PTB |
| *priŋ |
‘bark (as dog)’ |
280, 495 |
PTB |
| *laŋ |
‘bark (as dog)’ |
495 |
PTB |
| *zəy² |
‘barley’ |
189 |
PLB |
| *kaw |
‘basket’ |
225 |
PTB |
| *kuk |
‘basket / pouch’ |
356, 359, 361 |
PTB |
| *baːk |
‘bat’ |
325, 326 |
PTB |
| *C-pretL |
‘be / be able’ |
374, 376 |
PLB |
| *g-na-s |
‘be / live / stay / rest / alight / perch’ |
433, 442, 471, 477 |
PTB |
| *na² |
‘be / live / stay / rest / perch’ |
477 |
PLB |
| *do |
‘be related (as kin)’ |
204 |
PTB |
| *m-dzyaŋ |
‘be there / have’ |
267 |
PTB |
| *s-nuk |
‘bean’ |
356 |
PTB |
| *s-nukH |
‘bean’ |
39, 40, 100, 315 |
PLB |
| *be |
‘bean / legume’ |
203 |
PTB |
| *ʔiŋ |
‘bear (endure) / suffer’ |
281 |
PTB |
| *tyak |
‘bear (endure) / suffer’ |
323 |
PTB |
| *b-ras |
‘bear fruit / rice’ |
432, 437 |
PTB |
| *d-wam |
‘bear (n.)’ |
139, 140, 252, 299, 531 |
PTB |
| *d-wam¹/² |
‘bear (n.)’ |
253 |
PLB |
| *yar |
‘beard / moustache’ |
390 |
PTB |
| *r-duŋ |
‘beat / strike’ |
309, 363 |
PTB |
| *dip ~ tip |
‘beat / strike’ |
498 |
PTB |
| *dup ~ tup |
‘beat / strike’ |
498 |
PTB |
| *moy |
‘beautiful / perfectly’ |
220, 228 |
PTB |
| *bya² |
‘bee’ |
19, 34, 63 |
PLB |
| *bya |
‘bee / bird’ |
63, 68, 169, 171 |
PTB |
| *was |
‘bee / honey’ |
432, 442 |
PTB |
| *plyum |
‘bee / wasp’ |
531 |
PTB |
| *kwa ~ gwa ~ k/gwaːy |
‘bee (dammer)’ |
23, 213, 217, 486 |
PTB |
| *pʷam |
‘belly’ |
47, 61 |
PTB |
| *puːk |
‘belly / cave’ |
358, 359, 360, 362 |
PTB |
| *p-wam² |
‘belly / stomach’ |
46, 253 |
PLB |
| *grwat |
‘belly / stomach / intestines’ |
334 |
PTB |
| *riːl |
‘belly / stomach / intestines’ |
44, 385, 387, 412, 413, 426 |
PTB |
| *m-dz(y)u-k |
‘belong / trust / depend / accept / take’ |
479 |
PTB |
| *ʔok |
‘below / under’ |
377 |
PTB |
| *m/s-taːy |
‘belt / zone / waist’ |
210, 220 |
PTB |
| *koy |
‘bend / curved’ |
228 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gla² |
‘between / have a space between / interval’ |
71, 163 |
PLB |
| *kaːl |
‘between / interval’ |
422 |
PTB |
| *k-ri(y)² |
‘big’ |
190 |
PLB |
| *tay |
‘big’ |
207, 220, 231 |
PTB |
| *ta-y |
‘big’ |
231, 484 |
PTB |
| *maŋ |
‘big / elder (brother or uncle)’ |
264, 302 |
PTB |
| *s-dar |
‘bind / fasten / tether’ |
401 |
PTB |
| *s-kiːl |
‘bind / twist / roll / angle’ |
412, 413, 426 |
PTB |
| *hiːl |
‘bind / twist / roll / angle’ |
57 |
PTB |
| *grwa |
‘birch’ |
175 |
PTB |
| *daw or dow |
‘bird’ |
226, 227 |
PTB |
| *dow or daw |
‘bird’ |
226, 227 |
PTB |
| *s-ŋak |
‘bird’ |
317, 319 |
PTB |
| *wa |
‘bird / feather’ |
165 |
PTB |
| *g-wa-t |
‘bite / chew’ |
460 |
PTB |
| *hap |
‘bite / snap at / mouthful’ |
58, 335, 341 |
PTB |
| *tsat |
‘bite down on’ |
330 |
PTB |
| *b-ka-n |
‘bitter / liver’ |
20, 24, 162, 164, 167, 170, 172, 176, 451 |
PTB |
| *haːŋ |
‘black’ |
268 |
PTB |
| *s-nakH |
‘black’ |
39, 117, 242, 319 |
PLB |
| *tyaŋ |
‘black / dark’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *s-nak |
‘black / ink / deep’ |
317, 326, 522 |
PTB |
| *s-maŋ ~ s-mak |
‘black / ink / deep’ |
317, 522 |
PTB |
| *m-papH |
‘blanket’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *miːtL |
‘blink / shut abruptly’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *m-kum² |
‘block / pillow’ |
124, 249 |
PLB |
| *m-kum ~ m-kim |
‘block / pillow’ |
125, 147, 198, 272, 275, 308, 496, 503 |
PTB |
| *ʔum ~ kum |
‘block / pillow’ |
57 |
PTB |
| *s-hywəy |
‘blood’ |
66, 85, 102, 194, 201, 230, 464 |
PTB |
| *s-watH |
‘bloom / flower’ |
36 |
PLB |
| *baːr |
‘bloom / flower’ |
384, 386, 387, 392, 425 |
PTB |
| *s-mutH |
‘blow’ |
37, 315 |
PLB |
| *s-mut |
‘blow’ |
99, 364 |
PTB |
| *s-ŋow |
‘blue / green’ |
223 |
PTB |
| *n(y)a-n |
‘blush / red’ |
177, 451 |
PTB |
| *dzya-n |
‘blush / red’ |
451 |
PTB |
| *m-ləy |
‘boat’ |
192 |
PTB |
| *m-loŋ |
‘boat’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *guŋ¹ |
‘body’ |
19 |
PLB |
| *guŋ |
‘body’ |
309 |
PTB |
| *s-kəw |
‘body / corpse’ |
198 |
PTB |
| *sin |
‘body / owner / agentive nominalizer’ |
278, 306, 449 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-məw¹ |
‘body hair’ |
40, 100 |
PLB |
| *prut |
‘boil (v.)’ |
364 |
PTB |
| *tsyow |
‘boil (v.) / cook / bake’ |
34, 223, 224, 227 |
PTB |
| *s-ray ~ s-yay ~ s-way |
‘bold / heroic’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *rəw² |
‘bone’ |
35, 42, 43, 477 |
PLB |
| *s/m/g-rus |
‘bone’ |
44, 48, 102, 387, 435, 437, 442, 465, 477 |
PTB |
| *lwan |
‘bore / pierce’ |
258, 280, 386 |
PTB |
| *kruŋ |
‘born / give birth / alive / green’ |
285, 288 |
PTB |
| *kroy |
‘borrow / debt’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *r/s-ŋ(y)a |
‘borrow / lend’ |
162, 168 |
PTB |
| *s-kəy |
‘borrow / lend’ |
191, 443 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-ŋa² |
‘borrow / lend’ |
38, 40 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-da¹ |
‘bow’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *d/s-ləy |
‘bow / slingshot’ |
48, 50, 140, 192 |
PTB |
| *kwak |
‘bowl’ |
321 |
PTB |
| *kwakH |
‘bowl’ |
321 |
PLB |
| *krin² |
‘bowl / dish / cup’ |
278 |
PLB |
| *ta |
‘box / cabinet’ |
170 |
PTB |
| *ban/t ~ pan/t |
‘braid / plait / interweave’ |
260, 518 |
PTB |
| *s-nuk |
‘brain’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *s-nukH |
‘brain’ |
39 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-gakL |
‘branch’ |
113, 325 |
PLB |
| *tsyat |
‘break / cut’ |
330, 334 |
PTB |
| *be-s ~ pe-s |
‘break off a piece’ |
204 |
PTB |
| *C-ketL |
‘break off a piece / notch / chip’ |
315, 375 |
PLB |
| *nəw |
‘breast / milk’ |
198 |
PTB |
| *m-sam |
‘breath / voice’ |
252, 532 |
PTB |
| *r-sak |
‘breath(e) / life’ |
144, 233, 317, 326, 537 |
PTB |
| *C-sakL |
‘breath(e) / life’ |
181 |
PLB |
| *srel |
‘breed / bring up’ |
422 |
PTB |
| *m-dzam¹ |
‘bridge’ |
19, 253, 254, 530 |
PLB |
| *m-dzam |
‘bridge’ |
251, 257 |
PTB |
| *s-lay ~ s-ləy |
‘bridge / ladder’ |
216, 220, 511 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-mu² |
‘brood / incubate’ |
112, 180 |
PLB |
| *g-ra² |
‘buckwheat’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *muːm |
‘bud’ |
276 |
PTB |
| *r-moy |
‘bud / blossoming’ |
81, 228 |
PTB |
| *s-bu |
‘bud / open’ |
184 |
PTB |
| *lwaːy |
‘buffalo’ |
213 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gripL |
‘bug / ant / insect (lac) / cochineal’ |
316, 376 |
PLB |
| *s-krep |
‘bug / ant / insect (lac) / cochineal’ |
376 |
PTB |
| *guːl |
‘bulge / bend’ |
418 |
PTB |
| *ploŋ |
‘burn’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *m-(t)sik |
‘burn / angry’ |
348, 344 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-dukL |
‘burn / kindle’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *duk |
‘burn / kindle’ |
331, 362 |
PTB |
| *put |
‘burn / raze’ |
364 |
PTB |
| *kyit |
‘burn / scorch’ |
349 |
PTB |
| *hwam |
‘burn / shine’ |
429 |
PTB |
| *hrew |
‘burrow’ |
231 |
PTB |
| *lep |
‘butterfly’ |
377 |
PTB |
| *pur ~ pwar |
‘butterfly’ |
398 |
PTB |
| *b-rey |
‘buy / barter’ |
49, 132, 205, 216, 511 |
PTB |
| *kruːŋ |
‘cage’ |
287 |
PTB |
| *bop |
‘calf of leg’ |
381 |
PTB |
| *gaw |
‘call’ |
225, 226 |
PTB |
| *ri(ː)m |
‘cane / rattan’ |
43, 271 |
PTB |
| *s-rwi(y) |
‘cane / rattan / rope’ |
197, 218 |
PTB |
| *rey |
‘cane / rattan / rope’ |
48, 206, 217, 218 |
PTB |
| *taːp |
‘capable / fit / beautiful’ |
340 |
PTB |
| *bəw |
‘carry on back’ |
178, 199 |
PTB |
| *bəw² |
‘carry on back’ |
183, 477 |
PLB |
| *ba |
‘carry on back’ |
24 |
PTB |
| *tam |
‘carry on shoulder’ |
298 |
PTB |
| *k-roŋ¹ |
‘cat / wildcat’ |
138 |
PLB |
| *s/k-roŋ |
‘cat / wildcat’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *s-grim |
‘catch / hold fast’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-mi¹ |
‘catch / overtake’ |
37 |
PLB |
| *nwa² |
‘cattle’ |
38, 40 |
PLB |
| *ŋwa |
‘cattle’ |
63, 167, 170, 176 |
PTB |
| *dzay |
‘cattle / livestock / domestic animal’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *g/m/s-lay ~ r-ley |
‘change / exchange / buy / barter’ |
49, 208, 216, 217, 511 |
PTB |
| *tal |
‘charcoal / dust / ashes’ |
422 |
PTB |
| *ba² |
‘cheek’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *ba-y |
‘cheek’ |
486 |
PTB |
| *b-raŋ ~ g-raŋ |
‘chest / breast’ |
146 |
PTB |
| *m-gʷya² |
‘chew’ |
26, 85 |
PLB |
| *yal ~ wal |
‘chew (cud, betel)’ |
404, 428 |
PTB |
| *za² |
‘child’ |
28 |
PLB |
| *za² |
‘child’ |
28 |
PLB |
| *tsa-n ~ za-n |
‘child / son / relatives’ |
27, 31, 33, 34, 154, 162, 165, 169, 171, 172, 176, 188, 448, 450 |
PTB |
| *za-n ~ tsa-n |
‘child / son / relatives’ |
27, 31, 33, 34, 162, 165, 169, 171, 172, 176, 188, 448, 450 |
PTB |
| *s-ril |
‘choose / be fastidious’ |
410 |
PTB |
| *ts(y)ap |
‘chop’ |
336 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ba² |
‘civet cat’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *g-ras |
‘class / category’ |
437 |
PTB |
| *g-sal |
‘clear / bright / pleasant’ |
404, 405, 428 |
PTB |
| *sa¹ |
‘clear / bright / pleasant’ |
428 |
PLB |
| *pyaŋ¹/² |
‘clear away / disentangle’ |
264 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-watL |
‘clothe’ |
331 |
PLB |
| *dakL |
‘cockspur / hoof’ |
317 |
PLB |
| *s/ʔ-n(w)ay |
‘cohesive / elastic’ |
214 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-klakH ~ m-klakH |
‘cold’ |
72 |
PLB |
| *pral |
‘cold / dry season’ |
405 |
PTB |
| *graŋ |
‘cold / freeze’ |
262, 302 |
PTB |
| *glaŋ |
‘cold / freeze’ |
262, 325, 521 |
PTB |
| *m/ʔ-glak |
‘cold / freeze’ |
325, 521 |
PTB |
| *m-glaŋ¹ |
‘cold / freeze’ |
72 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-pakH |
‘collapse’ |
113 |
PLB |
| *zim |
‘collect / gather’ |
27 |
PTB |
| *m-kuk |
‘collide / butt against’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gʷəy² ~ ʔ-gʷi² |
‘comb’ |
196, 477 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-gʷəy² |
‘comb’ |
25 |
PLB |
| *C-gyuay |
‘comb’ |
26 |
PTB |
| *pri |
‘comb’ |
26 |
PTB |
| *kʷi-s |
‘comb’ |
434 |
PTB |
| *m-si(y) |
‘comb / rake (v.)’ |
193 |
PTB |
| *m-si-t |
‘comb / rake (v.)’ |
460 |
PTB |
| *la-y |
‘come / arrive’ |
165, 172, 220, 231, 484 |
PTB |
| *hwaŋ |
‘come / enter’ |
269 |
PTB |
| *pay |
‘come / go’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *s-pro-k |
‘come out / emerge / bring out’ |
204, 480 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-twakH |
‘come out / go out / emerge’ |
62, 315 |
PLB |
| *s-twak |
‘come out / go out / emerge’ |
62, 321 |
PTB |
| *d-rin |
‘compassion / love’ |
306 |
PTB |
| *b/pip ~ b/pup |
‘conceal / hide (v.) / bury’ |
352, 354, 370, 495, 498 |
PTB |
| *lip |
‘conceal / hide (v.) / bury’ |
495 |
PTB |
| *paːy |
‘conceive / pregnant’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *kal |
‘congeal’ |
404, 405 |
PTB |
| *s-grum |
‘contracted / stunted / dwarʴsh’ |
272 |
PTB |
| *ŋraŋ |
‘contradict / deny’ |
81 |
PTB |
| *bran |
‘convalesce’ |
258, 386 |
PTB |
| *s-glak |
‘cook / boil (v.)’ |
63, 128, 317 |
PTB |
| *klak |
‘cook / boil (v.)’ |
70 |
PTB |
| *glak |
‘cooked’ |
70 |
PTB |
| *haŋ² |
‘cooked rice / food to eat with rice’ |
264 |
PLB |
| *grəy |
‘copper’ |
189 |
PTB |
| *grəy² |
‘copper’ |
19 |
PLB |
| *s-ri(y)-t |
‘copula / be / existence’ |
186, 350, 502 |
PTB |
| *s-rut |
‘copula / be the case’ |
502 |
PTB |
| *ray ~ way |
‘copula / nominalizer / subordinator’ |
35, 47, 209, 221, 482, 510 |
PTB |
| *grak |
‘cord / tie / bind’ |
327 |
PTB |
| *s-maŋ |
‘corpse’ |
265 |
PTB |
| *b-la |
‘cotton’ |
130, 251 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-dzəy² |
‘cough’ |
189 |
PLB |
| *səw-t |
‘cough’ |
199, 462 |
PTB |
| *r-tsyəy |
‘count / number’ |
43, 80, 200 |
PTB |
| *r-tśrəy |
‘count / number’ |
79 |
PTB |
| *wel |
‘count / read’ |
420 |
PTB |
| *klup |
‘cover / wrap’ |
369 |
PTB |
| *boy |
‘cowlick’ |
228 |
PTB |
| *d-k(y)aːy ~ d-k(y)an |
‘crab’ |
139, 210, 212, 217, 220, 262, 515 |
PTB |
| *m-kak |
‘crawl / creep’ |
120 |
PLB |
| *ru² |
‘crazy’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *ru |
‘crazy’ |
181 |
PTB |
| *gu(ː)k ~ m-ku(ː)k |
‘crooked / bent / knee / angle’ |
124, 141, 357, 358, 362 |
PTB |
| *gukL |
‘crooked / bent / knee / angle’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *ʔuk ~ kuk |
‘crooked / bent / knee / angle / return / back’ |
57 |
PTB |
| *gow ~ gaw |
‘cross over’ |
224, 226, 515 |
PTB |
| *s-na |
‘crossbow’ |
172 |
PTB |
| *m-dan |
‘crossbow’ |
301, 310 |
PTB |
| *krakH |
‘crossbow’ |
61, 146 |
PLB |
| *ka-n |
‘crow (n.)’ |
447 |
PTB |
| *groy |
‘crow (v.) / howl’ |
228 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gyakH |
‘cubit’ |
51 |
PLB |
| *muːk |
‘cubit / armlength’ |
359, 361 |
PTB |
| *h(y)an |
‘curry / vegetable dish’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *mwa-t |
‘curse / revile’ |
176, 462 |
PTB |
| *luk |
‘custom / manner’ |
363 |
PTB |
| *krim |
‘custom / prohibition’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *d-ra-t |
‘cut’ |
145 |
PTB |
| *dan |
‘cut’ |
258, 259 |
PTB |
| *tsywar |
‘cut / chop’ |
66, 84, 393 |
PTB |
| *tuk |
‘cut / knock’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *mwan ~ mwat |
‘cut / slice / castrate’ |
518 |
PTB |
| *mrak |
‘cut / tear’ |
80 |
PTB |
| *C-pratL ~ ʔ-bratL |
‘cut apart / cut into’ |
330 |
PLB |
| *brat ~ prat |
‘cut apart / cut open’ |
334 |
PTB |
| *m-tökH |
‘cut by a blow’ |
363 |
PLB |
| *gaːr ~ s-ga |
‘dance / sing / leap / stride’ |
392, 401, 425, 427 |
PTB |
| *wam³ |
‘dare’ |
253 |
PLB |
| *s-wam or hwam |
‘dare’ |
55, 252, 298 |
PTB |
| *s-mun |
‘dark’ |
309, 310 |
PTB |
| *ŋrəw |
‘dark / faded / withered’ |
184 |
PTB |
| *rum ~ rim |
‘dark / shade / dusk’ |
273, 308, 498 |
PTB |
| *syim |
‘dark-colored’ |
271 |
PTB |
| *za²-mi²/³ |
‘daughter’ |
28 |
PLB |
| *za²-mi²/³ |
‘daughter’ |
28 |
PLB |
| *s-nam |
‘daughter-in-law’ |
104, 251 |
PTB |
| *g-duk |
‘daytime / noon’ |
363 |
PTB |
| *l-baŋ ~ m-baŋ |
‘deaf’ |
267 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-nakL |
‘deep’ |
37, 38, 39, 40, 100, 112, 117, 128, 242 |
PLB |
| *tuːk |
‘deep / thick’ |
359, 360, 361 |
PTB |
| *d-kəy |
‘deer (barking)’ |
139, 189 |
PTB |
| *d-yuk |
‘deer (sambar)’ |
139, 357, 359 |
PTB |
| *tsot |
‘deer (sambar) / antelope’ |
380 |
PTB |
| *pro |
‘delight’ |
204 |
PTB |
| *graŋ |
‘deny’ |
81 |
PTB |
| *zakL |
‘descend’ |
28 |
PLB |
| *zak |
‘descend’ |
317, 482, 513 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-yuk |
‘descend’ |
318, 482, 513 |
PTB |
| *s-pyak |
‘destroyed / ruined’ |
323 |
PTB |
| *muːk |
‘detritus / dust’ |
359, 513 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-dzi² |
‘dew’ |
187 |
PLB |
| *(d)zil |
‘dew’ |
188 |
PTB |
| *daːy |
‘dew’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *səy¹ |
‘die’ |
27 |
PLB |
| *səy |
‘die’ |
32, 34, 189, 194, 201, 442, 475 |
PTB |
| *gum ~ kum |
‘die / kill’ |
308 |
PTB |
| *tu ~ s/m-du |
‘dig’ |
23, 178, 184 |
PTB |
| *r-ko-t ~ r-go-t |
‘dig out / scoop up’ |
127, 129, 380, 461, 463 |
PTB |
| *klaw |
‘dig out / weed (v.)’ |
23, 225 |
PTB |
| *laːy |
‘dig up’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *ya |
‘diminutive’ |
482 |
PTB |
| *d-ri(y) |
‘dirt / filth / ordure / stench’ |
145, 193 |
PTB |
| *b-rim |
‘distribute’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *hor |
‘distribute’ |
58, 400 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-lway ~ s/ʔ-rway |
‘divert / push aside’ |
214 |
PTB |
| *day |
‘do / make’ |
208 |
PTB |
| *d-kʷəy-n |
‘dog’ |
20, 23, 24, 62, 96, 141, 196, 201, 448 |
PTB |
| *kʷəy² |
‘dog’ |
25, 62 |
PLB |
| *m-k(r)əw |
‘dove’ |
125, 134, 199 |
PTB |
| *m-krəw² |
‘dove’ |
16 |
PLB |
| *b-rəy ~ b-ris ~ rit ~ riːn |
‘draw / write / count’ |
132, 441 |
PTB |
| *kaːp ~ kam |
‘draw water / scoop water / concave’ |
341, 517 |
PTB |
| *r/s-maŋ ~ mak |
‘dream’ |
268, 302, 310, 325, 521 |
PTB |
| *s-makH |
‘dream’ |
37, 117 |
PLB |
| *s-makH |
‘dream’ |
37, 117 |
PLB |
| *m-daŋ¹ ~ m-doŋ¹ |
‘drink’ |
123 |
PLB |
| *m-doŋ¹ ~ m-daŋ¹ |
‘drink’ |
123 |
PLB |
| *m-dz(y)ak |
‘drip / drop (n.)’ |
324, 506 |
PTB |
| *g-t(y)ik |
‘drip / drop (n.)’ |
324, 506 |
PTB |
| *m-tsak ~ t(s)ik |
‘drip / drop (n.)’ |
327 |
PTB |
| *tsik |
‘drip / drop (n.)’ |
327 |
PTB |
| *m-tsakH |
‘drip / drop (n.)’ |
329 |
PLB |
| *g-t(y)ik |
‘drip / drop (n.)’ |
506 |
PTB |
| *dzikL |
‘drop (n.)’ |
30 |
PLB |
| *yit |
‘drunk’ |
349 |
PTB |
| *tan |
‘dry’ |
258, 301 |
PTB |
| *heːr-s |
‘dry’ |
400, 426 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-lapL |
‘dry in sun’ |
112, 337 |
PLB |
| *kan |
‘dry up’ |
258, 259 |
PTB |
| *r-tul ~ r-til |
‘dull / buttock / heel / rounded part’ |
419, 422, 500, 504 |
PTB |
| *s-baŋ |
‘dung’ |
264 |
PTB |
| *r-dul ~ r-tul |
‘dust’ |
415, 422 |
PTB |
| *məw |
‘eagle / hawk’ |
185 |
PTB |
| *glaŋ |
‘eagle / vulture / falcon / bird of prey’ |
23, 75 |
PTB |
| *g-laŋ ~ g-lak |
‘eagle / vulture / falcon / bird of prey’ |
263, 393, 521 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-na² |
‘ear’ |
40, 100, 112 |
PLB |
| *r/g-na |
‘ear / hear / listen’ |
129, 134, 162, 165, 168, 172, 176 |
PTB |
| *na¹ |
‘ear / listen’ |
38 |
PLB |
| *s-nam¹ |
‘ear (grain)’ |
253, 254 |
PLB |
| *m-nak ~ m-nap |
‘early morning’ |
129, 326, 530 |
PTB |
| *raŋ² ~ waŋ² |
‘earring’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *ha ~ r-ka |
‘earth / ground / soil’ |
57, 127 |
PTB |
| *m-ley ~ m-ləy |
‘earth / ground / soil / mud / country’ |
48, 71, 81, 191, 201, 218, 464, 509 |
PTB |
| *sa |
‘earth / ground / soil / sand’ |
176 |
PTB |
| *lwa(ː)y |
‘easy’ |
213, 485 |
PTB |
| *C-ša¹ |
‘easy / cheap’ |
36 |
PLB |
| *dža² |
‘eat’ |
19, 30 |
PLB |
| *they |
‘eat’ |
205 |
PTB |
| *ʔam |
‘eat / drink’ |
298, 533 |
PTB |
| *dzya-n/k |
‘eat / food / feed’ |
177, 440, 442, 480 |
PTB |
| *dzya |
‘eat / food / feed’ |
34, 162, 165, 166, 169, 172, 251, 440, 442 |
PTB |
| *dzya-s |
‘eat / food / feed’ |
433, 440 |
PTB |
| *dzya-t |
‘eat / food / feed’ |
440, 454 |
PTB |
| *r-ka(ː)m |
‘edge / bank / precipice / lip / mouth’ |
127, 251, 298 |
PTB |
| *r-guːŋ |
‘edge / shin’ |
127, 287 |
PTB |
| *m-dzya |
‘edge / side’ |
169 |
PTB |
| *bray |
‘effaced’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *ʔu³ |
‘egg / sit on eggs’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *ʔu |
‘egg / sit on eggs’ |
199 |
PTB |
| *b-r-gyat ~ b-g-ryat |
‘eight’ |
149, 151, 331, 334, 352, 506 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ritL |
‘eight’ |
56, 151, 315, 351, 506 |
PLB |
| *ʔik |
‘elder brother’ |
344 |
PTB |
| *gəw-n ~ kəw-n |
‘elder brother / senior male relative’ |
450 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-wyikL |
‘elder sibling’ |
36, 86, 97, 345 |
PLB |
| *ʔu²-(y)ikL |
‘elder sibling’ |
86, 154 |
PLB |
| *m-gwi(y) |
‘elephant’ |
200 |
PTB |
| *glaŋ |
‘elephant’ |
302 |
PTB |
| *hwaŋ |
‘encircle / fence’ |
269 |
PTB |
| *pay ~ bay |
‘encircled / ringed / striped’ |
208 |
PTB |
| *g-raːl ~ g-ran ~ ray |
‘enemy / fight / quarrel / strife / sword / war’ |
44, 48, 261, 387, 388, 404, 407, 423, 425, 516 |
PTB |
| *luk |
‘enough’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *s-nap |
‘enter’ |
104 |
PTB |
| *lapL |
‘enter’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *s-ren |
‘equal / line up / connect in a row’ |
291, 296, 311 |
PTB |
| *g-ral |
‘equal / line up / connect in a row’ |
422 |
PTB |
| *kləy |
‘excrement’ |
21, 189, 201 |
PTB |
| *g/b-syaŋ |
‘excrement / rust / blight’ |
36 |
PTB |
| *z(y)aŋ² |
‘excrement / rust / blight’ |
36 |
PLB |
| *dzin |
‘exhaust / come to an end’ |
306 |
PTB |
| *ma-t |
‘exhausted / spent’ |
334 |
PTB |
| *kak |
‘expensive / at its peak’ |
317, 328 |
PTB |
| *s-miːn ~ s-miːt |
‘extinguish / shut / blink’ |
350, 352, 519 |
PTB |
| *s-myakH |
‘eye’ |
35, 39, 63, 100, 315, 474 |
PLB |
| *s-mik ~ s-myak |
‘eye’ |
40, 63, 66, 99, 141, 319, 324, 327, 346, 347, 371, 496, 506, 527 |
PTB |
| *s-maːy |
‘face’ |
210, 537 |
PTB |
| *s-mel |
‘face’ |
422, 537 |
PTB |
| *kla-k/y/t ~ gla-k/y/t |
‘fall’ |
34, 70, 165, 209, 231, 374, 462, 480, 483 |
PTB |
| *ho ~ hol |
‘fall’ |
58, 421, 428 |
PTB |
| *grwil ~ krwil |
‘fall (as leaves) / cause to fall’ |
410 |
PTB |
| *m-bap |
‘fall over’ |
336 |
PTB |
| *g-yaːp |
‘fan / paddle / wave (v.)’ |
45, 137, 339, 340 |
PTB |
| *wəy² |
‘far’ |
195 |
PLB |
| *g-wəy-n |
‘far’ |
452 |
PTB |
| *dzyaːl |
‘far’ |
66, 406, 425 |
PTB |
| *woy |
‘fart’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *pyen ~ pyet |
‘fart’ |
518 |
PTB |
| *saːw |
‘fat / grease / oil’ |
32, 56, 225, 226, 227 |
PTB |
| *tsil |
‘fat / grease / oil’ |
410, 422 |
PTB |
| *tsow-s |
‘fat / omentum’ |
222, 224, 412, 471 |
PTB |
| *kaŋ |
‘father / grandfather’ |
302 |
PTB |
| *s-lam¹/² |
‘fathom’ |
249, 253, 254 |
PLB |
| *la(ː)m |
‘fathom’ |
48, 251, 298 |
PTB |
| *b-ray-t |
‘fear’ |
132, 207 |
PTB |
| *kri(y) |
‘fear’ |
193 |
PTB |
| *kri-t |
‘fear’ |
462 |
PTB |
| *lik |
‘fear’ |
527 |
PTB |
| *k/grok ~ k/grak |
‘fear / frighten’ |
327, 377, 513 |
PTB |
| *s-grwa |
‘feather’ |
172 |
PTB |
| *mi |
‘female / girl’ |
187 |
PTB |
| *mi²/³ |
‘female / girl’ |
38, 187 |
PLB |
| *pwi(y)-n |
‘female (human or animal)’ |
197, 201, 448 |
PTB |
| *kram |
‘fence / garden’ |
22, 299 |
PTB |
| *kram¹ |
‘fence / garden’ |
253 |
PLB |
| *m-da¹ |
‘fern / bracken’ |
163, 164 |
PLB |
| *low |
‘field’ |
48, 226 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gyan¹ ~ ʔ-kyan¹ |
‘filter / strain’ |
248, 260 |
PLB |
| *baːl |
‘filth / excrement’ |
385, 404, 407, 425 |
PTB |
| *s-n(y)ik ~ s-n(y)ek |
‘filth(y) / excrement’ |
36, 346 |
PTB |
| *mwəy |
‘fine / delicate’ |
201 |
PTB |
| *m-yuŋ |
‘finger’ |
141, 285 |
PTB |
| *bun¹ |
‘finish’ |
249, 279 |
PLB |
| *ʔoːl |
‘finish / loose / relax’ |
421, 426 |
PTB |
| *grol |
‘finish / loose / relax’ |
423 |
PTB |
| *mey |
‘fire’ |
141, 205, 206, 217 |
PTB |
| *bʷar ~ pʷar |
‘fire’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-mey² |
‘fire’ |
39 |
PLB |
| *ʔuːr |
‘fire / burn / kindle / roast’ |
428 |
PTB |
| *b-war ~ p-war |
‘fire / burn / kindle / roast’ |
428 |
PTB |
| *hwaːr |
‘fire / burn / shine / white’ |
385, 402, 426 |
PTB |
| *pwa(ː)r |
‘fire / burn / shine / white’ |
402 |
PTB |
| *hwal ~ hwar |
‘fire / shine’ |
409 |
PTB |
| *g-rap |
‘fireplace’ |
336 |
PTB |
| *g-rap |
‘fireplace’ |
336 |
PTB |
| *g-tap ~ g-dap |
‘fireplace’ |
336, 339 |
PTB |
| *s-ŋya |
‘fish’ |
162, 165, 167, 169, 172, 475 |
PTB |
| *ŋa² |
‘fish’ |
38, 40 |
PLB |
| *g-ra |
‘fishbone / spine’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *l/b-ŋa |
‘five’ |
130, 149, 162, 165, 166, 167, 170, 173, 251 |
PTB |
| *ŋa² |
‘five’ |
477 |
PLB |
| *pat |
‘flail / flap’ |
330 |
PLB |
| *bray² |
‘flaring’ |
209 |
PLB |
| *peːr |
‘flat / thin’ |
386, 400, 426 |
PTB |
| *pleŋ |
‘flat surface / plank’ |
281, 292, 296 |
PTB |
| *s-ləy |
‘flea’ |
48, 50, 69, 192 |
PTB |
| *swan¹/² ~ swatH |
‘flow / pour’ |
261, 519 |
PLB |
| *g/b-sywa |
‘flow / pour’ |
427 |
PTB |
| *sywar ~ sywa-n/t |
‘flow / pour / scatter / spill / sow broadcast’ |
66, 84, 386, 394, 402, 427 |
PTB |
| *lwi(y) |
‘flow / stream / river’ |
197 |
PTB |
| *twəy |
‘flow / suppurate’ |
194 |
PTB |
| *b/s-wat |
‘flower’ |
332 |
PTB |
| *bʷat |
‘flower’ |
61 |
PTB |
| *h(w)aːy |
‘flurried / dazed / foolish’ |
214 |
PTB |
| *m-tow |
‘fly (n.)’ |
226 |
PTB |
| *s-braŋ |
‘fly (n.) / bee’ |
302 |
PTB |
| *byam¹ |
‘fly (v.)’ |
19, 34, 74, 255 |
PLB |
| *pur ~ pir |
‘fly (v.)’ |
385, 397, 402, 501, 505, 509 |
PTB |
| *byer |
‘fly (v.)’ |
399, 402, 509 |
PTB |
| *byam |
‘fly (v.) / run’ |
68, 118, 252, 257, 532 |
PTB |
| *g/l-tap |
‘fold / layer’ |
336, 341 |
PTB |
| *pyak |
‘fold up / turn up’ |
323 |
PLB |
| *m/s-yuy |
‘follow’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *ywi |
‘follow’ |
63 |
PTB |
| *s-naŋ |
‘follow / repeat’ |
263, 302 |
PTB |
| *ra² |
‘fontanelle’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *ra-y ~ wa-y |
‘fontanelle’ |
486 |
PTB |
| *wa-y ~ ra-y |
‘fontanelle’ |
486 |
PTB |
| *krəy |
‘foot / footstool’ |
22, 71, 189, 200, 201 |
PTB |
| *d-pral |
‘forehead’ |
404, 405 |
PTB |
| *b-liŋ |
‘forest / field’ |
130, 280, 282, 494 |
PTB |
| *ram |
‘forest / jungle / field / country’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *b-laːp |
‘forget’ |
132, 340 |
PTB |
| *s-kaːk |
‘fork / branch’ |
325 |
PTB |
| *kap |
‘fork / crotch / groin’ |
336, 340, 341 |
PTB |
| *b-ləy |
‘four’ |
48, 50, 69, 130, 147, 149, 153, 192, 200 |
PTB |
| *b/ʔ-ləy² |
‘four’ |
56, 477 |
PLB |
| *k-rak |
‘fowl / chicken’ |
317, 319, 327 |
PTB |
| *k-rakH |
‘fowl / chicken’ |
53, 61, 138, 146 |
PLB |
| *ʔaːr or haːr |
‘fowl / chicken / quail’ |
58, 385, 386, 392, 401, 426 |
PTB |
| *haːr or ʔaːr |
‘fowl / chicken / quail’ |
58, 385, 386, 392, 401, 426 |
PTB |
| *gwa |
‘fox’ |
167, 173 |
PTB |
| *g/s-lwat |
‘free / release / loose / relax’ |
70, 82, 84, 136, 332, 334 |
PTB |
| *grwak |
‘friend / assist’ |
327 |
PTB |
| *s-bal |
‘frog’ |
404, 405, 428 |
PTB |
| *tuk ~ tik |
‘frog’ |
503 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ba² |
‘frog’ |
74, 113, 428 |
PLB |
| *s-ŋar |
‘frost’ |
390 |
PTB |
| *sey |
‘fruit / rose / round object’ |
31, 33, 129, 206 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-lu³ |
‘fry’ |
112, 180 |
PLB |
| *bliŋ ~ pliŋ |
‘full / fill’ |
281, 282, 296, 307, 496 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-bliŋ¹ |
‘full / plenty’ |
74 |
PLB |
| *ha(ː)k ~ kak |
‘gag / choke’ |
57, 325 |
PTB |
| *krəy ~ m-kri(y)-t-s |
‘gall / bile / sour’ |
22, 118, 189, 193, 436, 456 |
PTB |
| *k-rakH |
‘gather together, scoop together’ |
319 |
PLB |
| *ŋoy |
‘gentle / quiet’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *r-ney-t |
‘get / have / obtain’ |
206, 217, 460 |
PTB |
| *ra³ |
‘get / obtain’ |
41, 42, 43, 163 |
PLB |
| *kyaŋ |
‘ginger’ |
302 |
PTB |
| *bəy-k |
‘give’ |
132, 200, 442, 480 |
PTB |
| *bəy² |
‘give’ |
19 |
PLB |
| *s-bəy-n |
‘give’ |
191 |
PTB |
| *s-ter |
‘give / causative’ |
399 |
PTB |
| *braŋ |
‘give birth’ |
264 |
PTB |
| *ri |
‘gleet / purulent discharge / rot’ |
145, 186 |
PTB |
| *s-lyap |
‘glitter / flash / lightning’ |
338 |
PTB |
| *s-wa |
‘go’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *byon |
‘go / come’ |
291 |
PTB |
| *ʔay |
‘go / directional particle / transitive motion’ |
209, 482, 483 |
PTB |
| *m/s-ka-y |
‘go / stride’ |
484 |
PTB |
| *d-ŋwa |
‘goat’ |
23 |
PTB |
| *C-tšiːtL |
‘goat’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *tsiːt |
‘goat’ |
350 |
PTB |
| *kyeːl ~ kyiːl |
‘goat’ |
388, 420, 426 |
PTB |
| *g-ray |
‘god’ |
48, 209, 212 |
PTB |
| *m-hla |
‘god / soul / beautiful’ |
162, 172 |
PTB |
| *s-rwəy¹ |
‘gold / yellow’ |
191 |
PLB |
| *s-nam |
‘good’ |
104 |
PTB |
| *m-d(y)ak |
‘good’ |
51 |
PTB |
| *l(y)ak ~ l(y)aŋ |
‘good / beautiful’ |
327, 51, 327, 521 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-na¹ |
‘good / permissible’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *maːy |
‘good / well’ |
132, 207, 210 |
PTB |
| *ŋa-n |
‘goose’ |
177, 259, 449 |
PTB |
| *ka¹ |
‘grain of rice’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *syu(w)-n |
‘grandchild’ |
199, 449 |
PTB |
| *b/m-ləy |
‘grandchild / nephew’ |
71, 80, 133, 192, 201, 464 |
PTB |
| *pəw |
‘grandfather’ |
178 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-bəw² |
‘grandfather’ |
183 |
PLB |
| *pʷa ~ bʷa |
‘grandmother’ |
174 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-pəy |
‘grandmother’ |
191, 201 |
PTB |
| *bwa-n |
‘grandmother’ |
448 |
PTB |
| *r-tswa-n |
‘grass’ |
177, 449 |
PTB |
| *s-yəy² |
‘grass’ |
189 |
PLB |
| *m-lyak |
‘grass’ |
80, 482 |
PTB |
| *mruk ~ mrak |
‘grass / weeds’ |
80, 482, 513 |
PTB |
| *kaːw |
‘grasshopper’ |
226 |
PTB |
| *pwəy¹ |
‘gray / pale’ |
213 |
PLB |
| *soy |
‘graze / almost hit / passing close’ |
228 |
PTB |
| *s-raːp |
‘graze / almost hit / passing close’ |
340 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-klakH ~ glakH |
‘graze (forage)’ |
63, 317 |
PLB |
| *s-ryak |
‘grease / oil’ |
323, 327 |
PTB |
| *raŋ² |
‘green vegetable / cabbage / mustard’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *kriːt |
‘grind’ |
69, 350 |
PTB |
| *s-gyoŋ |
‘guard / tend grazing animals’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *r/s-nil |
‘gums’ |
241, 427 |
PTB |
| *r/s-ni-l |
‘gums’ |
48, 103, 241, 410, 423, 427 |
PTB |
| *ryal |
‘hail’ |
405 |
PTB |
| *ser |
‘hail / sleet’ |
399, 402 |
PTB |
| *g-mul |
‘hair (body)’ |
496 |
PTB |
| *s-mul ~ s-mil ~ s-myal |
‘hair (body) / fur / feather’ |
83, 384, 386, 388, 414, 419, 423, 496, 501, 505, 506, 508 |
PTB |
| *s-kra |
‘hair (head)’ |
102 |
PTB |
| *ney |
‘hair (head)’ |
206 |
PTB |
| *tsam ~ sam |
‘hair (head)’ |
31, 32, 250, 299 |
PTB |
| *pwak |
‘half’ |
321 |
PTB |
| *s-ta ~ m-twa |
‘hammer’ |
170 |
PTB |
| *tow ~ dow |
‘hammer’ |
224, 227, 515 |
PTB |
| *tsyəw |
‘hand’ |
199 |
PTB |
| *g-lak |
‘hand’ |
319 |
PTB |
| *k(r)u-t ~ g(r)u-t |
‘hand’ |
365 |
PTB |
| *kur ~ ʔur |
‘hand’ |
396 |
PTB |
| *ʔul |
‘hand’ |
58 |
PTB |
| *d-yak |
‘hand / arm’ |
51, 65 |
PTB |
| *g-l(y)ak |
‘hand / arm’ |
51, 65, 129, 130, 134, 148, 317, 327 |
PTB |
| *g-lakL |
‘hand / arm’ |
53, 319 |
PLB |
| *dyak |
‘hand / arm’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *g-wan |
‘hand / wrist’ |
301 |
PTB |
| *m-twa |
‘handspan’ |
64, 167, 171 |
PTB |
| *k(w)aːy |
‘hang’ |
214 |
PTB |
| *taːr |
‘hang / impale’ |
392, 425 |
PTB |
| *dzywal |
‘hang down / sag’ |
31, 66, 84, 407 |
PTB |
| *dway ~ nway |
‘hang from / cling to / creeper’ |
214 |
PTB |
| *grim |
‘hasten’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *ʔup ~ gup |
‘hatch / cover’ |
57, 369 |
PTB |
| *hwar |
‘hawk’ |
393 |
PTB |
| *dzwan¹ |
‘hawk / kite (bird of prey)’ |
30, 259 |
PLB |
| *dzwan |
‘hawk / kite (bird of prey)’ |
63, 258, 301 |
PTB |
| *jan |
‘haze / fog’ |
260 |
PTB |
| *džan¹ |
‘haze / fog’ |
260 |
PLB |
| *ʔu² |
‘head’ |
477 |
PLB |
| *d-bu-s |
‘head / center’ |
140, 198, 442, 477 |
PTB |
| *s-ta-s |
‘hear’ |
433, 442, 443, 471 |
PTB |
| *gla² |
‘hear / listen’ |
19, 72, 163 |
PLB |
| *hyen |
‘hear / listen / look / see’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ni³ |
‘heart / mind / brain’ |
347 |
PLB |
| *s-niŋ ~ s-nik |
‘heart / mind / brain’ |
39, 102, 103, 283, 347, 480, 521 |
PTB |
| *hul ~ hwa(ː)l |
‘heat up / burn’ |
58, 429, 514 |
PTB |
| *m-ka-n |
‘heavens / sky / sun’ |
177, 450 |
PTB |
| *s-ləy-t ~ s-rəy-t |
‘heavy’ |
49, 50, 192, 201, 455, 471 |
PTB |
| *s-naːŋ |
‘heavy / thick (of liquids) / viscous’ |
302 |
PTB |
| *m-ga³ |
‘help’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *gyat |
‘hero’ |
335 |
PTB |
| *s-pʷak |
‘hide (v.)’ |
61, 317, 321 |
PTB |
| *s-wak |
‘hide (v.)’ |
62 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-wakL |
‘hide (v.)’ |
62 |
PLB |
| *hway ~ kwa(ː)y |
‘hide (v.) / conceal / shun’ |
57, 213 |
PTB |
| *m-to |
‘high’ |
204 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-mraŋ³ |
‘high’ |
82, 249 |
PLB |
| *m-raŋ |
‘high / long’ |
80, 267 |
PTB |
| *kaŋ¹ |
‘hill / high ground’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *s-gaŋ |
‘hill / ridge / mountain’ |
266, 303 |
PTB |
| *m-ʔuːm |
‘hold in the mouth’ |
276, 308 |
PTB |
| *dwaːŋ |
‘hole / cave / pit / well (for water)’ |
269 |
PTB |
| *pop |
‘hole / crack’ |
381 |
PTB |
| *kor ~ kwar |
‘hole / pit / valley / cave’ |
395, 401 |
PTB |
| *guŋ² ~ kuŋ² |
‘hollow / hole / empty’ |
285 |
PLB |
| *guŋ ~ kuŋ |
‘hollow / hole / empty’ |
285, 310 |
PTB |
| *kwa |
‘hoof’ |
170 |
PTB |
| *k/s-pʷa |
‘hoof’ |
61 |
PTB |
| *gruŋ |
‘horn’ |
145 |
PTB |
| *krəw-k |
‘horn’ |
23, 75, 184, 480 |
PTB |
| *krəw¹ |
‘horn’ |
72, 182 |
PLB |
| *g-ruŋ |
‘horn / corner’ |
145, 496, 514 |
PTB |
| *rwa(ŋ) |
‘horn / corner’ |
514 |
PTB |
| *s/m-ra-ŋ |
‘horse’ |
177 |
PTB |
| *kor |
‘horse’ |
385, 400 |
PTB |
| *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ |
‘horse’ |
80, 102, 121, 267 |
PTB |
| *mraŋ² |
‘horse’ |
82, 249 |
PLB |
| *m-liːt |
‘horse-leech’ |
134, 350, 352, 534 |
PTB |
| *tsa-t |
‘hot / hurt / pain / ill’ |
32, 177, 462, 464 |
PTB |
| *ts(y)a¹ |
‘hot / ill’ |
30 |
PLB |
| *k-yim ~ k-yum |
‘house’ |
21, 35, 273, 498, 504, 531, 533 |
PTB |
| *wu |
‘howl / grumble’ |
178 |
PTB |
| *ra |
‘humans (classifier)’ |
170 |
PTB |
| *ra² |
‘humans (classifier)’ |
43 |
PLB |
| *b-r-gya |
‘hundred’ |
129, 162, 165, 168, 251 |
PTB |
| *mwatL ~ ŋ(w)atL |
‘hungry’ |
332 |
PLB |
| *mwatL |
‘hungry’ |
37, 38 |
PLB |
| *b-kres |
‘hungry / famine’ |
437 |
PTB |
| *s-nyen |
‘hurt / oppress’ |
204, 290, 296 |
PTB |
| *pwaːy |
‘husk / chaff’ |
23, 213, 217 |
PTB |
| *pway² |
‘husk / chaff’ |
25 |
PLB |
| *na-n ~ na-t |
‘ill / suffer / hurt / evil spirit’ |
38, 162, 168, 333, 335, 440, 452, 520 |
PTB |
| *sa-y |
‘inchoative particle’ |
488 |
PTB |
| *g-ram |
‘indigo’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *s-ryut |
‘inferior / fallen / worse’ |
364 |
PTB |
| *dyuŋ |
‘insect / bug’ |
310 |
PTB |
| *bəw |
‘insect / vermin / bug / snake’ |
130, 139, 148, 154, 178, 184 |
PTB |
| *bəw² |
‘insect / vermin / bug / snake’ |
19, 183 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-gray¹ |
‘insert / put into’ |
212 |
PLB |
| *tuːŋ |
‘inside / middle’ |
287, 310 |
PTB |
| *s-kul |
‘instruct / explain / admonish’ |
423 |
PTB |
| *wu¹ |
‘intestines’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *pʷu |
‘intestines’ |
198 |
PTB |
| *pʷik |
‘intestines / stomach’ |
47, 344, 496 |
PTB |
| *kyaŋ² |
‘intimate / friend’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *syam |
‘iron’ |
255, 257 |
PTB |
| *syaːl ~ syiːr |
‘iron’ |
395, 409, 426, 506 |
PTB |
| *l-tsyak |
‘iron / iron instrument’ |
317 |
PTB |
| *du¹ |
‘irrealis particle’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *g-ya |
‘itch’ |
136 |
PTB |
| *m-sak |
‘itch’ |
317 |
PTB |
| *m-tsik |
‘itch’ |
344 |
PTB |
| *wan¹ |
‘jackal / wolf / dhole / wild dog’ |
261 |
PLB |
| *kywal |
‘jackal / wolf / dhole / wild dog’ |
261, 407, 423, 449 |
PTB |
| *wan¹ |
‘jackal / wolf / dhole / wild dog’ |
261, 449 |
PLB |
| *s-ka ~ m-ka-y |
‘jaw / chin’ |
24, 170, 486 |
PTB |
| *ta² |
‘jewsharp’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-dzakL |
‘join’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *s-dzak |
‘join’ |
317 |
PTB |
| *ma-t |
‘join / bring together’ |
461 |
PTB |
| *tu-n/t ~ du-n/t |
‘join / bring together / tie / knot’ |
367, 452, 460 |
PTB |
| *tsyap |
‘join / connect’ |
336, 341 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-dzikL |
‘joint’ |
27, 315 |
PLB |
| *tsik |
‘joint’ |
31, 32, 241, 343, 344, 347, 527 |
PTB |
| *s-hwal |
‘joint / wrist’ |
407, 423 |
PTB |
| *p(r)ok |
‘jump’ |
378 |
PTB |
| *hyop ~ hyom |
‘jump’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *tekH |
‘kick’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *r/g-dek |
‘kick’ |
372 |
PTB |
| *m-glun |
‘kidney’ |
73, 125, 198 |
PTB |
| *s-gaːl ~ m-kal |
‘kidney / small of back / loins’ |
404, 405, 428 |
PTB |
| *g/b-sat |
‘kill’ |
12, 31, 136, 330, 335 |
PTB |
| *put-s |
‘knee’ |
364, 368, 436, 505 |
PTB |
| *s-ta |
‘knife / axe / sword’ |
162 |
PTB |
| *syey-s |
‘know’ |
205, 206, 217, 465, 471, 477 |
PTB |
| *m-kyen |
‘know’ |
291, 311 |
PTB |
| *šey²/³ |
‘know’ |
477 |
PLB |
| *m-gam |
‘ladder / ramp’ |
250 |
PTB |
| *paːy ~ baːy |
‘lame / limp / askew’ |
210, 221 |
PTB |
| *gliŋ |
‘land’ |
280 |
PTB |
| *rey |
‘language / speech’ |
205 |
PTB |
| *nay |
‘languid / leisurely’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *m-nwi(y)-k |
‘laugh’ |
117, 119, 197, 481 |
PTB |
| *r(y)ay ~ r(y)a-t(s) |
‘laugh’ |
12, 170, 172, 208, 212, 334, 456, 463, 464, 487 |
PTB |
| *ray¹ |
‘laugh’ |
42, 41, 42, 43 |
PLB |
| *pʷum |
‘lay eggs / hatch / incubate’ |
57 |
PTB |
| *tapH |
‘layer’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *m-baŋ¹ |
‘lazy / tired of’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *kar |
‘lead (metal) / bronze’ |
390 |
PTB |
| *s-r-way |
‘lead (v.) / tend / watch / guard’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *rwak |
‘leaf’ |
321 |
PTB |
| *lap |
‘leaf’ |
336, 342 |
PTB |
| *s-nas |
‘leaf’ |
432 |
PTB |
| *r-pak |
‘leaf’ |
48, 317 |
PTB |
| *lay |
‘leaf / paper’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *s-la |
‘leaf / tea’ |
48 |
PTB |
| *yu-n ~ yu-t |
‘leak / drip’ |
441 |
PTB |
| *ʔew |
‘lean back’ |
231 |
PTB |
| *gar |
‘leave / abandon’ |
390 |
PTB |
| *bral ~ pral |
‘leave / depart / separate’ |
423 |
PTB |
| *k-r-pʷat |
‘leech’ |
61, 83, 94, 129, 138, 141, 151, 332 |
PTB |
| *k-r-watL |
‘leech’ |
83, 138 |
PLB |
| *r-bi(y) |
‘left’ |
219, 510 |
PTB |
| *bʷay or b(w)ay |
‘left side / lefthand’ |
61, 211, 214, 219, 510 |
PTB |
| *pey |
‘leg’ |
205 |
PTB |
| *r-kaŋ ~ keŋ |
‘leg / foot / stem / stalk’ |
283, 293, 311 |
PTB |
| *zikL |
‘leopard’ |
28 |
PLB |
| *g-zik |
‘leopard’ |
343, 344 |
PTB |
| *m/s-lyak |
‘lick / tongue / eat (of animals) / feed (animals)’ |
23, 48, 80, 81, 92, 124, 137, 153, 323, 327, 528 |
PTB |
| *haːy |
‘lie / deceive / dissemble’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *laŋ |
‘lift / raise’ |
303 |
PTB |
| *kyi¹/² |
‘lift up / raise’ |
188 |
PLB |
| *hwa-t |
‘light / brightness / shine’ |
334, 429, 444, 463 |
PTB |
| *r-yaːŋ |
‘lightweight’ |
127, 128, 263, 268 |
PTB |
| *laŋ¹ |
‘lightweight’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *d(y)al |
‘lip’ |
405 |
PTB |
| *m-ts(y)ul |
‘lip / beak’ |
415, 423 |
PTB |
| *s-nes |
‘lip / beak’ |
435 |
PTB |
| *m-dzəy¹ |
‘liquor’ |
19, 189 |
PLB |
| *yəw |
‘liquor’ |
45, 199 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-zəy¹/² |
‘little / small / tiny’ |
191 |
PLB |
| *z(y)əy |
‘little / small / tiny’ |
66, 191 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gyik |
‘little bit’ |
346 |
PTB |
| *sin¹ ~ tsin¹ |
‘liver / bitter’ |
31 |
PLB |
| *m-sin |
‘liver / bitter’ |
31, 33, 34, 56, 64, 119, 124, 134, 141, 154, 277, 291, 296, 306, 475 |
PTB |
| *r-saŋ |
‘lizard’ |
127 |
PTB |
| *s-gal |
‘load / burden’ |
416, 423 |
PTB |
| *wan ~ wat |
‘load / burden / transport’ |
519 |
PTB |
| *dzwaŋ |
‘lofty / elevated’ |
269 |
PTB |
| *low |
‘long’ |
224 |
PTB |
| *s-riŋ |
‘long’ |
280, 282, 296 |
PTB |
| *duŋ ~ tuːŋ |
‘long / length’ |
288 |
PTB |
| *d-rum |
‘long for / pine for’ |
141, 272 |
PTB |
| *gra |
‘long (time)’ |
175 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-myaŋ¹/³ |
‘long (time)’ |
265 |
PTB |
| *l-ta-t-s |
‘look’ |
456 |
PTB |
| *ney |
‘look / try to’ |
206 |
PTB |
| *s-loŋ¹ |
‘loris’ |
285 |
PLB |
| *praŋ |
‘loud / bright’ |
303 |
PTB |
| *san¹/² |
‘louse’ |
261 |
PLB |
| *s-r(y)ik |
‘louse’ |
29, 78, 102, 153, 344, 347, 527, 537 |
PTB |
| *s(y)ar |
‘louse’ |
390, 402, 537 |
PTB |
| *ŋ-(w)aːy |
‘love / make love’ |
210, 217, 220 |
PTB |
| *s-nem ~ s-nyam |
‘low / soft’ |
248, 290, 299, 509 |
PTB |
| *m-dey¹ |
‘lump / hunk / slab’ |
206 |
PLB |
| *p-wap |
‘lung’ |
342, 476, 533 |
PTB |
| *tsi-wap |
‘lung’ |
367 |
PTB |
| *r/s-wap |
‘lung’ |
533 |
PTB |
| *tsywap |
‘lung’ |
66, 338 |
PTB |
| *tsi-wap |
‘lung’ |
86 |
PTB |
| *tsəy² |
‘lung / exhale’ |
502 |
PLB |
| *tsəy² |
‘lung / exhale’ |
502 |
PLB |
| *(t)sit |
‘lung / exhale’ |
502, 367 |
PTB |
| *s-luŋ ~ s-luk |
‘maggot’ |
522 |
PTB |
| *s-luk ~ s-luŋ |
‘maggot’ |
522 |
PTB |
| *ʔur |
‘make noise / hum / chat / babble’ |
385, 396, 402 |
PTB |
| *pu |
‘male / father / grandfather’ |
24 |
PTB |
| *pʷa |
‘man / father / husband / person’ |
165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 175 |
PTB |
| *wa |
‘man / father / husband / person’ |
250 |
PTB |
| *r-mi(y)-n |
‘man / person’ |
81, 88, 118, 201, 449 |
PTB |
| *haːy |
‘mango’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *mra² |
‘many’ |
39, 164 |
PLB |
| *suy |
‘marrow’ |
230 |
PTB |
| *r-kliŋ ~ r-kl(y)aŋ |
‘marrow / brain’ |
128, 282, 283, 495, 507 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-glaŋ¹ |
‘marrow / brain’ |
265, 507 |
PLB |
| *hyam |
‘mat’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *graŋ ~ kraŋ |
‘measure / count’ |
303 |
PTB |
| *s-nya-k |
‘meat / flesh’ |
481 |
PTB |
| *s-man |
‘medicine’ |
37 |
PTB |
| *r-tsəy |
‘medicine / juice / paint’ |
189, 201, 464 |
PTB |
| *grim ~ krim |
‘meet’ |
497 |
PTB |
| *grum ~ krum |
‘meet’ |
497 |
PTB |
| *ŋra |
‘meet’ |
81 |
PTB |
| *s/m-grəy |
‘melt’ |
189 |
PTB |
| *s-grəy¹ |
‘melt’ |
190 |
PLB |
| *m-luŋ |
‘mind / heart / liver’ |
141 |
PTB |
| *b-rut |
‘mischievous / rowdy / hooligan’ |
364 |
PTB |
| *ŋwal |
‘mix / stir’ |
408 |
PTB |
| *hwel |
‘mix / stir’ |
420 |
PTB |
| *r-men |
‘mole (blemish) / wen’ |
81, 290, 296 |
PTB |
| *m-ruk |
‘monkey’ |
145 |
PTB |
| *b-woy |
‘monkey’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *d/g-woy-n |
‘monkey’ |
24, 450 |
PTB |
| *m-yuk |
‘monkey’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *myukL |
‘monkey’ |
37, 39, 96 |
PLB |
| *s-myukH |
‘monkey’ |
39 |
PLB |
| *mruk |
‘monkey’ |
80, 145 |
PTB |
| *s/g-la |
‘moon / month’ |
34, 52, 134, 162, 165, 168, 172 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-la³ |
‘moon / month’ |
39, 164 |
PLB |
| *krəy |
‘moon / moonlight’ |
189 |
PTB |
| *b-raŋ ~ s-raŋ |
‘morning’ |
263 |
PTB |
| *t(s)um ~ (t)sum |
‘mortar’ |
31, 32, 275 |
PTB |
| *tśrum |
‘mortar’ |
79 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-bikL |
‘mosquito’ |
344 |
PLB |
| *kraŋ |
‘mosquito / ʴrefly’ |
262 |
PTB |
| *m-na |
‘mother’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *n(y)u |
‘mother’ |
540 |
PTB |
| *ma-n |
‘mother / feminine suffix’ |
175, 448 |
PTB |
| *yay ~ ʔay |
‘mother / grandmother / maternal aunt’ |
208 |
PTB |
| *m/r-duŋ |
‘mountain / hillock’ |
285, 310 |
PTB |
| *ku(w) |
‘mouth’ |
198 |
PTB |
| *muk |
‘mouth’ |
537 |
PTB |
| *muːr |
‘mouth / face / gills / beak’ |
397, 402, 426, 537 |
PTB |
| *ʔuːm |
‘mouthful’ |
496 |
PTB |
| *m-kyit |
‘move’ |
349 |
PTB |
| *s-ril ~ s-gril |
‘move / roll’ |
410, 411 |
PTB |
| *mra ~ mya |
‘much / many’ |
80, 169 |
PTB |
| *m-gwapL ~ C-krapL |
‘munch / bite down on’ |
338 |
PLB |
| *g/s-məw |
‘mushroom’ |
134, 184 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-məw¹ |
‘mushroom’ |
183 |
PLB |
| *gla |
‘musk deer’ |
176 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ga² |
‘mute / dumb / stupid’ |
57, 165 |
PLB |
| *m-ʔa |
‘mute / dumb / stupid’ |
57, 176 |
PTB |
| *m-dakL |
‘mutually / reciprocal action’ |
318, 320 |
PLB |
| *m-(t)syen |
‘nail / claw’ |
29, 278, 290, 296 |
PTB |
| *m-(t)sin |
‘nail / claw’ |
291 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-miŋ¹/³ |
‘name’ |
248 |
PLB |
| *r/s-miŋ |
‘name / order / command’ |
81, 127, 280, 296, 298, 307, 496, 528, 529 |
PTB |
| *miːn |
‘name (v.) / order / command’ |
306, 307, 529 |
PTB |
| *gyapL |
‘narrow’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-gyiŋ² |
‘narrow / constricted’ |
282 |
PLB |
| *gyap |
‘narrow / crowded’ |
338, 342 |
PTB |
| *ʔon |
‘nauseated / vomit’ |
292 |
PTB |
| *laːy ~ s-tay |
‘navel / middle / center’ |
52, 102, 208, 210, 217 |
PTB |
| *s-naːy ~ s-ney |
‘near’ |
215, 220, 511 |
PTB |
| *ba² |
‘nearby place / vicinity’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *m-liŋ |
‘neck’ |
280, 296, 307 |
PTB |
| *tuk ~ twak |
‘neck’ |
357, 359, 361, 514 |
PTB |
| *m-liŋ¹ |
‘neck’ |
39 |
PLB |
| *s-ke-k |
‘neck / neck-shaped’ |
204, 481 |
PTB |
| *kap |
‘needle’ |
198, 251, 342 |
PTB |
| *k-rap ~ k-ram |
‘needle’ |
336, 517 |
PTB |
| *k-rapH |
‘needle’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *ʔap ~ gaːp |
‘needle’ |
57 |
PTB |
| *ma-y |
‘negative’ |
172, 488 |
PTB |
| *da ~ ta |
‘negative imperative’ |
162, 172 |
PTB |
| *m-tu ~ m-du |
‘nephew / descendant’ |
184, 200, 464 |
PTB |
| *kʷəy |
‘nest’ |
196 |
PTB |
| *kʷəy¹ |
‘nest’ |
25 |
PLB |
| *gram |
‘net’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *gwa-n ~ kwa-n |
‘net (casting)’ |
177, 258, 280, 450 |
PTB |
| *g-sik |
‘new’ |
144, 344 |
PTB |
| *sar |
‘new’ |
402 |
PTB |
| *g-sar |
‘new / fresh’ |
385, 386, 387, 391 |
PTB |
| *ya |
‘night’ |
165 |
PTB |
| *d/s-kəw |
‘nine’ |
139, 140, 149, 178, 184, 199 |
PTB |
| *gəw² |
‘nine’ |
182, 477 |
PLB |
| *s-kwa |
‘nine’ |
24 |
PTB |
| *s-row |
‘nit’ |
224 |
PTB |
| *syay |
‘noisy / agitated’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *s-na ~ s-naːr |
‘nose’ |
102, 103, 162, 165, 172, 386, 426, 427 |
PTB |
| *ma² |
‘not’ |
38 |
PLB |
| *ʔaŋ- ~ ʔak- |
‘noun prefix’ |
522 |
PTB |
| *-ma³ |
‘noun suffix’ |
38 |
PLB |
| *tum¹ |
‘numb / befuddled’ |
273 |
PLB |
| *k(y)an¹ |
‘object to’ |
260 |
PLB |
| *r-ga |
‘old’ |
127, 129 |
PTB |
| *b-gres |
‘old’ |
437 |
PTB |
| *ʔit |
‘one’ |
352 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-dikL |
‘one / only’ |
346 |
PLB |
| *tyak ~ g-t(y)ik |
‘one / only’ |
346, 347, 507 |
PTB |
| *b-tsoŋ |
‘onion’ |
311 |
PTB |
| *swa-n |
‘onion / garlic’ |
177, 301, 446, 448 |
PTB |
| *pwaŋ³ |
‘open’ |
249 |
PLB |
| *m-ka |
‘open / opening / mouth / door’ |
21, 125, 170, 173 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ŋakL |
‘open wide’ |
117, 242 |
PLB |
| *yaːr |
‘other / outside’ |
392 |
PTB |
| *s-ram |
‘otter’ |
102, 191 |
PTB |
| *sram¹ |
‘otter’ |
255 |
PLB |
| *sram or s-ram |
‘otter’ |
69, 77, 102, 150, 250, 257 |
PTB |
| *r-kwa(ː)k |
‘outer covering’ |
328, 514 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gukL |
‘outer covering / bark (n.) / rind / skin’ |
378 |
PLB |
| *kok |
‘outer covering / bark (n.) / rind / skin’ |
378, 514 |
PTB |
| *grol |
‘overbearing / exploitative’ |
421 |
PTB |
| *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk |
‘overcast / foggy / dark / sullen’ |
81, 127, 289, 309, 310, 359, 360, 523 |
PTB |
| *brup ~ prup |
‘overflow / flood’ |
134, 369, 496 |
PTB |
| *gu ~ ku |
‘owl’ |
199 |
PTB |
| *m-tapH |
‘pack into / put into’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *dzum ~ tsum |
‘pair’ |
272 |
PTB |
| *pʷa-n |
‘palm / sole’ |
173, 175, 446 |
PTB |
| *r-pʷak |
‘palm / sole’ |
61 |
PTB |
| *gyəy² |
‘parrot’ |
189 |
PLB |
| *s-lay ~ ley |
‘pass / exceed’ |
208, 216, 511 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ba¹ |
‘patch’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *pʷa |
‘patch / sew’ |
61 |
PTB |
| *g-la |
‘pay / give for’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *m-daŋ ~ m-doŋ |
‘peacock / partridge / pheasant’ |
129, 294 |
PTB |
| *m-doŋ ~ daŋ |
‘peacock / partridge / pheasant’ |
129, 294 |
PTB |
| *m-tukH |
‘peck / strike / hook onto’ |
358 |
PLB |
| *koːr |
‘peel / husk’ |
385, 401, 426 |
PTB |
| *kruk |
‘pen / corral’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *m-ley ~ m-li |
‘penis’ |
47, 49, 153, 219, 509 |
PTB |
| *r-lik |
‘penis / testicles’ |
344, 374 |
PTB |
| *tsaŋ¹ |
‘person / human being’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *rwakL |
‘pheasant’ |
508 |
PLB |
| *s-rik ~ s-ryak |
‘pheasant / partridge’ |
78, 324, 328, 343, 346, 347, 371, 507, 527 |
PTB |
| *kaːk |
‘phlegm’ |
325 |
PTB |
| *har |
‘phlegm’ |
391 |
PTB |
| *s-g-ruk |
‘pick up’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *k-rukH |
‘pick up’ |
96 |
PLB |
| *bruk |
‘piebald / speckled’ |
363 |
PTB |
| *m-(d)z(y)u(ː)k |
‘pierce / plant (v.) / erect / thorn’ |
31, 362, 529 |
PTB |
| *dz(y)ut |
‘pierce / plant (v.) / erect / thorn’ |
529 |
PTB |
| *pʷakL |
‘pig’ |
319 |
PLB |
| *pʷak |
‘pig’ |
61, 62, 96, 147, 318, 319, 328 |
PTB |
| *wakL |
‘pig’ |
62 |
PLB |
| *wakL |
‘pig’ |
62 |
PLB |
| *s-ni(ː)p ~ r/s-nyap ~ s-nu(ː)p |
‘pinch / squeeze / press / oppress / sink into / submerge / enter’ |
339, 342, 355, 356, 370, 499, 505, 507 |
PTB |
| *sik |
‘pinch / twist’ |
344 |
PTB |
| *taŋ |
‘pine’ |
264 |
PTB |
| *row ~ raw |
‘pine / fir’ |
224, 226, 515 |
PTB |
| *s-ra |
‘place’ |
78, 173 |
PTB |
| *dziŋ |
‘plant (n.) / tree’ |
281 |
PTB |
| *gay ~ kay |
‘plant (v.)’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *kay ~ gay |
‘plant (v.)’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *s-ŋakH |
‘plantain / banana’ |
242 |
PLB |
| *s-ŋak |
‘plantain / banana’ |
318 |
PTB |
| *r-tsyaːy |
‘play’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *džay² |
‘play’ |
30 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-tšwatH |
‘pluck’ |
332 |
PLB |
| *s-ray |
‘pluralizer’ |
209, 212 |
PTB |
| *duk ~ tuk |
‘poison’ |
357, 363 |
PTB |
| *s-k-yok |
‘poker / pudding stick / ladle’ |
295, 517 |
PTB |
| *d-bul ~ d-bil |
‘poor’ |
419, 423 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-blu¹ |
‘porcupine’ |
74, 113, 180, 241 |
PLB |
| *s-blu |
‘porcupine’ |
74, 184 |
PTB |
| *ŋas |
‘possess / keep’ |
432 |
PTB |
| *duːŋ |
‘post / column’ |
287 |
PTB |
| *daːy ~ taːy |
‘pound / crush’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-mun¹/³ |
‘powder’ |
249, 279 |
PLB |
| *s-lwap |
‘practice / learn’ |
342 |
PTB |
| *m/ʔ-gyaŋ¹/³ |
‘practice / train’ |
265 |
PLB |
| *s-brum |
‘pregnant’ |
308 |
PTB |
| *m-gu¹/³ |
‘prepare / practice / rehearse’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-nipL |
‘press’ |
112 |
PLB |
| *pəw² |
‘price’ |
183 |
PLB |
| *pəw |
‘price’ |
184 |
PTB |
| *toy or tway |
‘propitiate / appease’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *tway or toy |
‘propitiate / appease’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *graŋ |
‘provide (food)’ |
303 |
PTB |
| *kaːy |
‘pull / drag / lead (v.)’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *s-nyak |
‘pulverize / shatter / diminutive’ |
323 |
PTB |
| *maːy |
‘pumpkin’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *pu² |
‘pumpkin / gourd’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *nye-s |
‘punish’ |
203, 291 |
PTB |
| *s-naːy |
‘pus’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *m-blen¹ |
‘pus’ |
69, 74, 124 |
PLB |
| *m-blen |
‘pus / boil (n.)’ |
291 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-da² |
‘put / place’ |
113 |
PLB |
| *s-ta-t |
‘put / place’ |
162, 172, 250, 442, 454, 461 |
PTB |
| *gam |
‘put into mouth / seize with mouth / jaw / molar’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-yipL |
‘put to sleep’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *dway |
‘put together / be even with / come up to’ |
214 |
PTB |
| *liŋ² ~ likL |
‘python’ |
281 |
PLB |
| *la² |
‘question particle’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *la-y |
‘question particle’ |
209, 231, 488 |
PTB |
| *dz(y)ay-s |
‘quotative particle’ |
208, 477 |
PTB |
| *džay²/¹ |
‘quotative particle’ |
477 |
PLB |
| *r-wa ~ s-wa ~ g-wa |
‘rain’ |
127, 128, 162, 171, 173 |
PTB |
| *rwa-s |
‘rain’ |
44, 387, 433 |
PTB |
| *zuːr |
‘rainy season’ |
397, 426 |
PTB |
| *blu-t-s |
‘ransom’ |
456 |
PTB |
| *k-r-wakH |
‘rat’ |
138 |
PLB |
| *r-wak |
‘rat’ |
151, 321 |
PTB |
| *syow |
‘rat’ |
228 |
PTB |
| *sya-yəw |
‘rat’ |
228 |
PTB |
| *b-yəw-n |
‘rat / rabbit / hare’ |
45, 130, 182, 185, 199, 449 |
PTB |
| *grok |
‘ravine / gulf’ |
378 |
PTB |
| *džim² |
‘raw’ |
19 |
PLB |
| *dz(y)im |
‘raw / green’ |
19 |
PTB |
| *riːt |
‘reap’ |
350 |
PTB |
| *riːtL |
‘reap’ |
41, 42, 43 |
PLB |
| *hu |
‘rear (offspring) / raise (to maturity) / nourish’ |
58 |
PTB |
| *t(y)a-n |
‘red’ |
177, 262, 452, 485, 516 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ni¹ |
‘red’ |
40, 100 |
PLB |
| *r-ni |
‘red’ |
412, 428 |
PTB |
| *t(s)aːy |
‘red’ |
516, 262 |
PTB |
| *tsyak |
‘red / blood / gold’ |
323, 328 |
PTB |
| *kyeŋ |
‘red / blushing’ |
292, 311 |
PTB |
| *dziŋ |
‘relatives / ancestors’ |
31, 529 |
PTB |
| *k-lwatH |
‘release’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *priŋ¹/² ~ pyiŋ¹/² |
‘release / send forth’ |
282 |
PLB |
| *glan |
‘repair / mend’ |
301 |
PTB |
| *tsap |
‘repay’ |
336, 342 |
PTB |
| *bay |
‘repeat / practice’ |
208, 220 |
PTB |
| *su² |
‘resemble’ |
180, 199 |
PLB |
| *m-taːy |
‘retaliate / grudge (bear a)’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *kuk |
‘return / year’ |
357, 358 |
PTB |
| *b-sey |
‘rhinoceros’ |
220 |
PTB |
| *dzya |
‘rice’ |
168 |
PTB |
| *dža¹ |
‘rice’ |
19, 30, 163 |
PLB |
| *ma-y ~ mey |
‘rice / paddy’ |
216, 217, 221, 231, 486, 511 |
PTB |
| *ma-y |
‘rice / paddy’ |
231 |
PTB |
| *dzyon |
‘ride (an animal)’ |
34, 66, 291 |
PTB |
| *gyi ~ dzyi |
‘ride (horse)’ |
188, 200 |
PTB |
| *ʔal |
‘right (correct) / good’ |
406 |
PTB |
| *g-ya ~ g-ra |
‘righthand / right side’ |
29, 46, 96, 134, 165, 169, 176 |
PTB |
| *bran |
‘ring (for finger)’ |
69 |
PTB |
| *s-min |
‘ripe / sweet / delicious’ |
277, 296, 495, 496 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-min¹ |
‘ripe / sweet / delicious’ |
39 |
PLB |
| *syar |
‘rise / east’ |
391 |
PTB |
| *daw |
‘risk / defy / hostile’ |
225 |
PTB |
| *laŋ¹ |
‘river / valley’ |
266 |
PLB |
| *lam |
‘road’ |
47, 48, 250 |
PTB |
| *r-ŋaw |
‘roast / fry’ |
127, 128, 227 |
PTB |
| *ka(ː)ŋ |
‘roast / toast / burn / be dry’ |
268 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gaŋ¹ |
‘roast / toast / burn / be dry’ |
268 |
PLB |
| *b-rak |
‘rock / stone’ |
318 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-rakL |
‘rock / stone’ |
319 |
PLB |
| *lipL |
‘roll (n.) / curled object’ |
353 |
PLB |
| *r-tul |
‘roll up / wrap’ |
127, 129, 415 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-kyakH |
‘rope / cord / navel’ |
318, 319 |
PLB |
| *zyaːw ~ zyu(w) |
‘rot / decay / digest’ |
35, 66, 227 |
PTB |
| *pəy² |
‘rot / disintegrate’ |
189 |
PLB |
| *tswəy |
‘rot / pus’ |
194 |
PTB |
| *m-bup |
‘rot / spotted / write’ |
369 |
PTB |
| *sak |
‘rough’ |
318 |
PTB |
| *gram |
‘rough / coarse’ |
252, 532 |
PTB |
| *zlum |
‘round’ |
78, 272 |
PTB |
| *wal |
‘round / circular / enclosure’ |
404, 406, 424 |
PTB |
| *kruk |
‘rouse / awaken / disturb’ |
363 |
PTB |
| *sywəy |
‘rub / scrape / shave’ |
66, 85, 195 |
PTB |
| *sapH |
‘rub / stroke’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *nuːl |
‘rub / wear down’ |
417, 426 |
PTB |
| *pwan ~ pwat |
‘rub off / grind’ |
519 |
PTB |
| *m-dzəw² |
‘ruler / lord / emperor’ |
123 |
PLB |
| *b-ləy |
‘run’ |
189 |
PTB |
| *b-ləy² |
‘run’ |
213 |
PLB |
| *gan |
‘run / dance / kick’ |
519 |
PTB |
| *k(y)at |
‘run / dance / kick’ |
519 |
PTB |
| *ploŋ |
‘run / flee’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *gyar ~ hyar |
‘run / ride / go by vehicle’ |
58, 65, 391 |
PTB |
| *tsaːy ~ saːy |
‘rust / dross / stain / excrement’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *krwap |
‘rustle’ |
82, 338 |
PTB |
| *s-nyuŋ |
‘sad / ill / achy / tired’ |
284 |
PTB |
| *m-ʔ-yen |
‘saliva / spittle’ |
115 |
PTB |
| *g-ryum |
‘salt’ |
134, 272, 275 |
PTB |
| *la |
‘salt’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *gryum |
‘salt’ |
308 |
PTB |
| *tsa |
‘salt’ |
31, 162, 165, 168, 172, 174 |
PTB |
| *m-t(s)i |
‘salt / yeast’ |
34, 540 |
PTB |
| *hyam |
‘salty’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *z(l)a-y |
‘sand’ |
486 |
PTB |
| *dzəy² |
‘sap’ |
189 |
PLB |
| *k-wa |
‘satiated’ |
171 |
PTB |
| *m-pup |
‘satiated’ |
369 |
PTB |
| *sepH |
‘scale (of fish or reptile)’ |
316 |
PLB |
| *s-lip |
‘scale (of fish or reptile)’ |
353 |
PTB |
| *sep |
‘scale (of fish or reptile)’ |
353, 376 |
PTB |
| *graːy |
‘scatter / sow (seeds) / disperse’ |
211 |
PTB |
| *tsaːy ~ saːy |
‘scoop / dip out’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-tapH |
‘scoop with both hands’ |
336, 337 |
PLB |
| *s-diːk |
‘scorpion / crab / shrimp’ |
345, 496, 503, 527 |
PTB |
| *ku(ː)t |
‘scrape / carve / scratch’ |
364, 496 |
PTB |
| *d-kew |
‘scratch’ |
231 |
PTB |
| *hyak |
‘scratch’ |
65, 323 |
PTB |
| *m-krak |
‘scratch / rake (v.)’ |
318 |
PTB |
| *m-kret |
‘scratch / scrape’ |
375 |
PTB |
| *pa |
‘search for / seek’ |
24 |
PTB |
| *mraŋ |
‘see / look toward’ |
37, 80, 267, 303 |
PTB |
| *dzəy |
‘seed’ |
31, 190 |
PTB |
| *yəw² |
‘seed’ |
35 |
PLB |
| *tay |
‘self’ |
208 |
PTB |
| *ywar |
‘sell / buy’ |
63, 386, 388, 393 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-dzəy¹ |
‘send on an errand / causative’ |
199 |
PLB |
| *s-nam |
‘sesame’ |
250 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-nam² |
‘sesame’ |
38, 253 |
PLB |
| *tuŋ¹ |
‘set (a trap) / cock (a weapon)’ |
285 |
PLB |
| *gim¹ |
‘set (of the sun)’ |
249 |
PLB |
| *g(l)im ~ g(l)um |
‘set (of the sun)’ |
274, 499 |
PTB |
| *m-diŋ¹ ~ ʔ-diŋ¹ |
‘settled / come to rest’ |
123, 308 |
PLB |
| *m/s-diŋ |
‘settled / fix / establish’ |
307 |
PTB |
| *s-ni-s |
‘seven’ |
44, 103, 149, 153, 351, 352, 434, 477 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-nit ~ ši² |
‘seven’ |
477 |
PLB |
| *grup ~ ʔ-grup ~ ʔ-drup |
‘sew’ |
141 |
PTB |
| *d/g-rup |
‘sew’ |
369 |
PTB |
| *krwi(y) |
‘sew’ |
82 |
PTB |
| *g/s-rip |
‘shade / shadow’ |
353 |
PTB |
| *day |
‘shallow’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *dim |
‘shallow’ |
271 |
PTB |
| *tak |
‘sharp’ |
318 |
PTB |
| *takH |
‘sharp’ |
319 |
PLB |
| *s-ryam |
‘sharp’ |
77, 299 |
PTB |
| *kywan¹/²/³ |
‘sharpen’ |
260 |
PLB |
| *kuːk |
‘shear / strip / pare’ |
359, 361 |
PTB |
| *luk |
‘sheep’ |
363 |
PTB |
| *yaŋ |
‘sheep / yak’ |
29, 523 |
PTB |
| *g-yak |
‘sheep / yak’ |
523 |
PTB |
| *krap |
‘shell / shield’ |
342 |
PTB |
| *kroy |
‘shellfish’ |
228 |
PTB |
| *d-po |
‘shield’ |
204 |
PTB |
| *m-ba |
‘shine / bright’ |
123, 163 |
PTB |
| *hwan/t |
‘shine / bright / light’ |
429 |
PTB |
| *hwaŋ |
‘shine / bright / yellow’ |
430 |
PTB |
| *glwak |
‘shine / flash’ |
328 |
PTB |
| *m-pökH |
‘shoot’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *m-puk |
‘shoot’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *ʔap ~ gaːp |
‘shoot’ |
57, 137, 340 |
PTB |
| *gaːp ~ ʔap |
‘shoot’ |
57, 137, 340 |
PTB |
| *ʔaːw |
‘shout’ |
225 |
PTB |
| *s-mraŋ¹ |
‘show’ |
268 |
PLB |
| *dzyiːp |
‘shut / close (v.) / close together’ |
31, 353 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-bakL |
‘side’ |
113 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-nam¹ |
‘side / rib’ |
40, 100, 112 |
PLB |
| *mul |
‘silver’ |
415 |
PTB |
| *d-ŋul |
‘silver’ |
83, 414, 415, 424 |
PTB |
| *r-kyaŋ |
‘single’ |
264 |
PTB |
| *tay ~ tan |
‘single / one / whole / only’ |
262 |
PTB |
| *dan ~ day |
‘single / one / whole / only’ |
262, 516 |
PTB |
| *day ~ dan |
‘single / one / whole / only’ |
262, 516 |
PTB |
| *lip ~ lup |
‘sink into / dive’ |
354, 370 |
PTB |
| *sriŋ |
‘sister / matrilineal lineage’ |
77, 307 |
PTB |
| *dzar |
‘sister (of a man)’ |
34, 385, 388, 391 |
PTB |
| *m-duŋ/k ~ m-tuŋ/k |
‘sit’ |
288, 523 |
PTB |
| *d-kruk |
‘six’ |
23, 71 |
PTB |
| *d-k-ruk |
‘six’ |
44, 140, 145, 148, 149, 357, 360, 361, 363 |
PTB |
| *pʷul ~ pʷil |
‘skin’ |
280, 501 |
PTB |
| *pun ~ pin |
‘skin’ |
418 |
PTB |
| *wul ~ wun |
‘skin’ |
418 |
PTB |
| *ʔul |
‘skin’ |
58 |
PTB |
| *m-k-rəy¹ |
‘skin / outer covering’ |
189 |
PLB |
| *məw² |
‘sky / heavens’ |
183 |
PLB |
| *r-məw |
‘sky / heavens / clouds’ |
81, 129, 184 |
PTB |
| *s-rwəy |
‘slant / slope’ |
195 |
PTB |
| *gywan¹ |
‘slave’ |
248, 261 |
PLB |
| *g(y)wal ~ k(y)wal |
‘slave / servant’ |
261, 408, 424 |
PTB |
| *r/s-mwəy |
‘sleep’ |
195, 200 |
PTB |
| *yipL ~ yupL |
‘sleep’ |
27, 35, 315 |
PLB |
| *g-dzim |
‘sleep’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *g/r-nyiːt |
‘sleep / nod’ |
36, 350 |
PTB |
| *s-yip ~ s-yup |
‘sleep / put to sleep / conceal / hide (v.)’ |
56, 153, 192, 354, 369, 370, 499, 500, 533 |
PTB |
| *myel |
‘sleepy’ |
420, 427 |
PTB |
| *s-lep |
‘slice / pare off’ |
376 |
PTB |
| *ble |
‘slip’ |
203 |
PTB |
| *ŋay |
‘small / inferior / offspring’ |
209 |
PTB |
| *m/s-nam |
‘smell’ |
103, 119, 250, 251 |
PTB |
| *nam¹/²/³ |
‘smell’ |
253 |
PLB |
| *bat |
‘smell / odor’ |
330 |
PTB |
| *b-suŋ ~ b-saŋ |
‘smell / scent / fragrant’ |
288, 482, 513 |
PTB |
| *kəw-n/t |
‘smoke’ |
178, 184, 199, 451, 454 |
PTB |
| *kəw² |
‘smoke’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *s-b/m-ruːl |
‘snake’ |
43, 44, 80, 81, 83, 134, 151, 235, 385, 387, 388, 414, 417, 424, 426 |
PTB |
| *m-r-wəy¹ |
‘snake’ |
83 |
PLB |
| *s-ŋor |
‘snore’ |
400 |
PTB |
| *hal |
‘snore’ |
406, 424 |
PTB |
| *s-nap |
‘snot’ |
37, 102, 336 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-napL |
‘snot’ |
99, 112 |
PLB |
| *wal |
‘snow / frost / ice / hail’ |
387, 404, 428 |
PTB |
| *wa² |
‘snow / frost / ice / hail’ |
46, 171, 428 |
PLB |
| *kyam |
‘snow / ice / cold’ |
252, 532 |
PTB |
| *s-pʷal |
‘snow / ice / frost / hail’ |
172, 408 |
PTB |
| *s-rup |
‘snuff up / sip’ |
369, 495 |
PTB |
| *pryo-k |
‘soft / boiled’ |
205, 481 |
PTB |
| *makL |
‘soldier’ |
35 |
PLB |
| *gaːr ~ kaːr |
‘solid / frozen’ |
392, 426 |
PTB |
| *kaːr ~ gaːr |
‘solid / frozen’ |
392, 426 |
PTB |
| *s-maːk |
‘son-in-law’ |
233, 325 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-makL |
‘son-in-law’ |
37, 474 |
PLB |
| *krwəy |
‘son-in-law / daughter-in-law’ |
22, 69, 82, 194, 200 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-mu² |
‘soot / acrid (smoke)’ |
112, 180 |
PLB |
| *sem-s |
‘soul / mind / heart / spirit / breath’ |
311, 537 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-la³ |
‘soul / spirit’ |
39, 164 |
PLB |
| *mriŋ |
‘sound / noise’ |
307 |
PTB |
| *s-kyuːr ~ s-kwyaːr |
‘sour / be acid’ |
85, 384, 398, 402, 426, 449, 475, 514 |
PTB |
| *suːr ~ swaːr |
‘sour / be acid’ |
85, 384, 398, 402, 426, 449, 475, 514 |
PTB |
| *ka³ |
‘sow (seeds)’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *ka |
‘span / divaricate’ |
24 |
PTB |
| *m-tsa |
‘sparrow’ |
168 |
PTB |
| *s-br(w)aŋ ~ br(w)ak |
‘speak’ |
523 |
PTB |
| *grwas |
‘speak / word’ |
437 |
PTB |
| *daŋ² |
‘speech / language’ |
19 |
PLB |
| *m-kaŋ |
‘spider’ |
266 |
PTB |
| *kaŋ ~ waŋ |
‘spider / spin’ |
57 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-gyaŋ¹ |
‘spin’ |
266 |
PLB |
| *m-ga |
‘spin / card fibers’ |
266 |
PTB |
| *waŋ² |
‘spin / spindle’ |
269 |
PLB |
| *pʷaŋ |
‘spin / spindle’ |
61, 266, 269, 303 |
PTB |
| *bʷar |
‘spindle’ |
61 |
PTB |
| *s-mwəy |
‘spindle / twirl’ |
195 |
PTB |
| *hla³ |
‘spirit’ |
56 |
PLB |
| *m/s-tuːk |
‘spit / spew’ |
117, 359, 360 |
PTB |
| *m/s-twa |
‘spit / spittle / saliva’ |
173, 174 |
PTB |
| *m-ts(y)il ~ m-tśril |
‘spit / spittle / saliva’ |
79, 80, 119, 124, 410, 411, 424 |
PTB |
| *r-pay |
‘spleen’ |
208, 221 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-pray¹ |
‘spleen’ |
73 |
PLB |
| *(d)ziːt ~ (t)siːt |
‘split’ |
350 |
PTB |
| *m-dziːtL ~ m-tsiːtH |
‘split’ |
502 |
PLB |
| *dzik ~ dziŋ |
‘split / mince’ |
31, 502 |
PTB |
| *s-lapH |
‘split apart / split open’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *m-hew |
‘spoiled / wasted’ |
231 |
PTB |
| *r-dal |
‘spread / extend / develop’ |
424 |
PTB |
| *yaːr |
‘spread / extend / sail’ |
393, 403, 426 |
PTB |
| *kaŋ² |
‘spread / stretch out’ |
266 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-bran³ |
‘spread wide’ |
260 |
PLB |
| *s-nyit |
‘squeeze’ |
349, 355 |
PTB |
| *s-ley/ŋ ~ s-rey/ŋ |
‘squirrel / weasel’ |
77, 292, 296, 311, 512 |
PTB |
| *s-ru² |
‘squirrel (flying)’ |
180 |
PLB |
| *g-r(y)ap |
‘stand’ |
136, 342, 48, 339 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-rapL |
‘stand’ |
35 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-rapL |
‘stand’ |
35, 56, 315, 339, 530 |
PLB |
| *graːy |
‘star’ |
212 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-grəy¹ |
‘star’ |
23 |
PLB |
| *s-kar |
‘star’ |
386, 387, 391 |
PTB |
| *s-ŋʷ(y)a-t |
‘star / moon’ |
24, 26, 85, 332, 335 |
PTB |
| *mwatL |
‘star / moon’ |
332 |
PLB |
| *kəw² |
‘steal’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *hu ~ r-kəw |
‘steal’ |
57 |
PTB |
| *m-ruːk |
‘steal’ |
80 |
PTB |
| *r-kəw ~ r-kun ~ r-kut |
‘steal / thief’ |
127, 129, 178, 184, 198, 227, 441, 442, 454, 515 |
PTB |
| *tsyuk |
‘steep’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *s-nak ~ s-naŋ |
‘step on’ |
523 |
PTB |
| *swat |
‘stick into’ |
332 |
PTB |
| *kyapH |
‘stick into / insert’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *tsapH |
‘stick into / insert’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *da¹ |
‘stick (n.)’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *neːk |
‘sticky’ |
374 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-nyakL |
‘sticky’ |
374 |
PLB |
| *rwat |
‘stiff / tough’ |
332 |
PTB |
| *taːy |
‘sting / scold’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-wikL |
‘stomach’ |
47, 344 |
PLB |
| *r-luŋ ~ k-luk |
‘stone’ |
47, 50, 70, 127, 128, 288, 523 |
PTB |
| *tsu(w)-t ~ tsəy |
‘stop up / plug up’ |
367 |
PTB |
| *tsəw-t |
‘stop up / plug up’ |
461 |
PTB |
| *dyam ~ tyam |
‘straight / flat / full’ |
51, 65, 307 |
PTB |
| *tan² |
‘straight / upright’ |
260 |
PLB |
| *bleŋ ~ pleŋ |
‘straight(en)’ |
281, 292 |
PTB |
| *gra |
‘stranger / guest / enemy’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *ʔik |
‘strangle’ |
344, 348 |
PTB |
| *klyoŋ |
‘stream / river / valley’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *d-baŋ |
‘strength’ |
140 |
PTB |
| *k-ra |
‘strength / win’ |
170 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-džan³ ~ ʔ-tšan³ |
‘stretch out’ |
260 |
PLB |
| *r-tuk |
‘strike’ |
363 |
PTB |
| *bliŋ |
‘string / thread / cord’ |
307 |
PTB |
| *m-gakL |
‘striped’ |
120 |
PLB |
| *b-tsan |
‘strong / firm’ |
260 |
PTB |
| *zan¹ |
‘strong / firm’ |
28, 260 |
PLB |
| *zan |
‘strong / firm’ |
442 |
PTB |
| *graŋ ~ kraŋ |
‘strong / firm / tight / distended’ |
267, 303 |
PTB |
| *bul ~ pul |
‘stump / tree / root’ |
416, 424 |
PTB |
| *tšukL |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
30 |
PLB |
| *dz(y)oːp ~ ts(y)oːp |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
31, 371, 382 |
PTB |
| *C-tšupL |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
316 |
PLB |
| *dzyow |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
382 |
PTB |
| *dzyuk |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
382 |
PTB |
| *dzyut |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
382 |
PTB |
| *dz(y)əw |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
382 |
PTB |
| *dzyup ~ dzyip |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
382, 500 |
PTB |
| *tsyup ~ tsyip |
‘suck / kiss / breast / milk’ |
500 |
PTB |
| *nəy |
‘sun / day’ |
191, 201, 464 |
PTB |
| *riŋ |
‘sun / sunshine’ |
281 |
PTB |
| *məw²-ts(y)a¹ |
‘sunlight’ |
30 |
PLB |
| *tsyar |
‘sunshine’ |
391 |
PTB |
| *kroy |
‘surround’ |
229 |
PTB |
| *ʔut |
‘swaggering / noisy’ |
364 |
PTB |
| *mlyəw-k |
‘swallow (v.)’ |
81, 84 |
PTB |
| *hur ~ hir ~ hyar ~ hwar |
‘sweat’ |
399, 429, 514 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-grwəy² |
‘sweat’ |
82 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-grwəy² |
‘sweat’ |
82, 195 |
PLB |
| *s-krul ~ s-ŋrul |
‘sweat’ |
83, 102, 129, 414 |
PTB |
| *syim |
‘sweep’ |
305 |
PTB |
| *py(w)ak |
‘sweep / broom’ |
66, 85, 128, 323, 527 |
PTB |
| *kyəw¹ |
‘sweet’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *kyəw |
‘sweet’ |
185 |
PTB |
| *twi(y) |
‘sweet’ |
197 |
PTB |
| *s-klum |
‘sweet’ |
275 |
PTB |
| *hul ~ hil |
‘sweet’ |
58, 419, 501 |
PTB |
| *dz(y)im |
‘sweet / delicious’ |
34, 66, 271 |
PTB |
| *C-pwapL |
‘swell up’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *bwap ~ s-bwam |
‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’ |
252, 341, 518 |
PTB |
| *hya |
‘swidden / field (mountain)’ |
171 |
PTB |
| *hya¹ |
‘swidden / field (mountain)’ |
56 |
PLB |
| *m-pwam²/³ |
‘swollen / plump’ |
249 |
PLB |
| *m-duŋ |
‘sword / spear’ |
284 |
PTB |
| *m-ba²/³ |
‘tail’ |
123 |
PLB |
| *r-mi |
‘tail’ |
216 |
PTB |
| *r-mey |
‘tail’ |
216, 511 |
PTB |
| *r-may |
‘tail’ |
81, 106, 127, 208, 216, 217, 221, 511 |
PTB |
| *yu |
‘take’ |
184 |
PTB |
| *yu¹ |
‘take’ |
35, 180 |
PLB |
| *hyal |
‘take / keep’ |
65, 406 |
PTB |
| *(d)zaːy ~ (t)saːy |
‘talent / aptitude / temperamant’ |
210, 221 |
PTB |
| *g-tam ~ g-dam |
‘talk / speak’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *blum² |
‘taro’ |
273 |
PLB |
| *grwa |
‘taro / potato’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-ma¹/² |
‘teach’ |
38, 113, 163, 241 |
PLB |
| *dzyut ~ dzyit |
‘tear / rip’ |
365 |
PTB |
| *m-džutL ~ m-džitL |
‘tear / rip’ |
502 |
PLB |
| *m-brəy¹ |
‘tears’ |
124 |
PLB |
| *g(y)ip |
‘ten’ |
198, 352, 356 |
PTB |
| *ts(y)i(y) ~ tsyay |
‘ten’ |
208, 212, 219, 510 |
PTB |
| *tsay¹ |
‘ten’ |
30, 31 |
PLB |
| *gip |
‘ten’ |
353 |
PTB |
| *wul |
‘tend grazing animals’ |
384, 416 |
PTB |
| *now |
‘tender / soft’ |
223, 224 |
PTB |
| *now² |
‘tender / soft’ |
38 |
PLB |
| *daŋ ~ taŋ |
‘tense / tight’ |
267 |
PTB |
| *səw¹/² |
‘testicles / virility’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *tow-n ~ dow-n |
‘thick’ |
181, 222, 224, 226, 228, 452, 515 |
PTB |
| *r-tas |
‘thick / solid / coarse’ |
127, 128, 129, 432 |
PTB |
| *ba² |
‘thin’ |
19 |
PLB |
| *ba |
‘thin’ |
24, 162, 169, 440 |
PTB |
| *ban/t ~ pan/t |
‘thin’ |
440 |
PTB |
| *lep ~ lyap |
‘thin / flat / flat object’ |
51, 339, 377 |
PTB |
| *r-dzas |
‘thing’ |
432, 437 |
PTB |
| *ray |
‘things / stuff (n.)’ |
209, 212 |
PTB |
| *s-nyam |
‘think’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *m-daŋ¹/² |
‘think / feel an emotion’ |
266 |
PLB |
| *C-sipL |
‘thirsty’ |
353 |
PLB |
| *day |
‘this / that’ |
207 |
PTB |
| *tsow-t |
‘thorn / pierce / plant (v.) / erect’ |
30, 222, 223, 224, 227, 454, 515, 529 |
PTB |
| *s-toŋ |
‘thousand’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *kriŋ |
‘thread / string’ |
23 |
PTB |
| *kriŋ¹ |
‘thread / string’ |
282 |
PLB |
| *krəw |
‘thread / string / plait’ |
199 |
PTB |
| *krim |
‘threaten / terrify’ |
271 |
PTB |
| *g-sum |
‘three’ |
32, 33, 56, 135, 149, 272, 275, 308 |
PTB |
| *ʔol |
‘throat / gullet’ |
58, 421 |
PTB |
| *s/m-ba ~ s/m-baːy |
‘throw’ |
170, 231, 483 |
PTB |
| *bʷar ~ hʷar |
‘throw (away) / divorce (a spouse)’ |
55, 394, 425 |
PTB |
| *m-bruŋ ~ m-bruk |
‘thunder / dragon’ |
524 |
PTB |
| *gleːk |
‘thunderbolt / lightning’ |
373 |
PTB |
| *g(y)it/k ~ k(y)it/k |
‘tie / bind’ |
345, 347, 528, 344 |
PTB |
| *s-dut |
‘tie / knot / conclude / finish’ |
368 |
PTB |
| *k-la² |
‘tiger’ |
138 |
PLB |
| *d-key ~ d-kəy |
‘tiger’ |
139, 141, 217, 219, 510 |
PTB |
| *k-la |
‘tiger’ |
70, 173, 393 |
PTB |
| *kyiːn¹ ~ kriːn¹ |
‘time’ |
249 |
PLB |
| *kyiːn ~ kriːn |
‘time / occasion’ |
277 |
PTB |
| *s-pok |
‘time / occasion’ |
379 |
PTB |
| *ta² |
‘time / when’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *bal |
‘tired’ |
386, 404, 406, 427 |
PTB |
| *m/s-lay ~ s-ley |
‘tongue’ |
48, 102, 119, 124, 141, 208, 215, 217, 487, 511 |
PTB |
| *s-l(y)a |
‘tongue’ |
50, 165, 171, 215, 487, 511 |
PTB |
| *s-lyam |
‘tongue / flame’ |
299 |
PTB |
| *d-ŋa |
‘tooth’ |
175 |
PTB |
| *swa or s-wa |
‘tooth’ |
27, 166, 167, 171, 172 |
PTB |
| *m-dzyway |
‘tooth / tusk’ |
212 |
PTB |
| *džway¹ |
‘tooth / tusk’ |
30 |
PLB |
| *diŋ |
‘top / summit’ |
307 |
PTB |
| *par |
‘trade / buy / sell’ |
391 |
PTB |
| *wa |
‘trap’ |
163 |
PTB |
| *grwat |
‘travel / go through’ |
335 |
PTB |
| *sikH |
‘tree’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *kuːŋ |
‘tree / branch / stem’ |
287, 310 |
PTB |
| *siŋ ~ sik |
‘tree / wood’ |
32, 33, 34, 282, 283, 347, 475, 524, 528 |
PTB |
| *tur |
‘tremble / shake / pulse’ |
396 |
PTB |
| *s-la |
‘trousers’ |
29, 165, 169, 172 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-la² |
‘trousers’ |
56, 112, 163 |
PLB |
| *m-gʷya¹/² |
‘trumpet’ |
26 |
PLB |
| *gliŋ |
‘tube / flute’ |
280 |
PTB |
| *gil |
‘turn / corner’ |
410, 412 |
PTB |
| *pyapH |
‘turn over’ |
337 |
PLB |
| *m-pup |
‘turn over / search for / seek’ |
337, 369 |
PTB |
| *wik |
‘tusk / fang / canine tooth’ |
344 |
PTB |
| *m-kul |
‘twenty / all’ |
24, 119, 384, 385, 388, 414, 416, 425 |
PTB |
| *m-naːy |
‘twist / knead’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *g/s-ni-s |
‘two’ |
135, 149, 241, 351, 352, 434, 477, 481 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-nit ~ ni² |
‘two’ |
351, 477 |
PLB |
| *zryaŋ ~ ryaŋ |
‘uncle / a superior’ |
66, 79, 303 |
PTB |
| *bʷaŋ ~ pʷaŋ |
‘uncle / elder brother / senior male relative’ |
269, 303 |
PTB |
| *prəy¹ |
‘untie’ |
73 |
PLB |
| *pyin ~ pyit |
‘untie / loosen’ |
520 |
PTB |
| *s-tyaŋ |
‘upper part / rise / raise’ |
304 |
PTB |
| *m-(d)zyəy² |
‘urine’ |
27, 189 |
PLB |
| *zəy |
‘urine’ |
31 |
PTB |
| *g-ts(y)i-t/n |
‘urine’ |
31, 187, 194, 454, 441 |
PTB |
| *zum² |
‘use’ |
28 |
PLB |
| *z(y)um ~ zuŋ |
‘use’ |
34, 66, 276, 531 |
PTB |
| *s-tu |
‘vagina / vulva’ |
247 |
PTB |
| *klu(ː)ŋ ~ k(l)uk |
‘valley / river’ |
287, 524 |
PTB |
| *s-myak |
‘vanish / get lost’ |
322 |
PTB |
| *r-tsaːy |
‘vegetable’ |
221 |
PTB |
| *r-sa |
‘vein / sinew’ |
127, 128, 129, 162, 166 |
PTB |
| *t(y)ak ~ t(y)ik |
‘very / real / certain’ |
65, 324, 507, 508 |
PTB |
| *r-wa ~ g-wa |
‘village’ |
127, 134 |
PTB |
| *kakH |
‘village’ |
319 |
PLB |
| *dyal ~ tyal |
‘village’ |
65, 406 |
PTB |
| *ʔaw |
‘vomit’ |
227 |
PTB |
| *C-patL |
‘vomit’ |
315 |
PLB |
| *m-pat |
‘vomit’ |
330, 335, 442 |
PTB |
| *b(y)et |
‘vulva / vagina’ |
375 |
PTB |
| *dzyuk |
‘vulva / vagina’ |
66 |
PTB |
| *gyuk |
‘waist’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *gyukL ~ džukL |
‘waist’ |
72, 358 |
PLB |
| *ʔ-laŋ¹ |
‘wait’ |
112, 266 |
PLB |
| *lyaŋ |
‘wait’ |
266 |
PTB |
| *dzoŋ |
‘wait / watch for’ |
31, 294 |
PTB |
| *m-ga² |
‘want / think / love’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *d-mak |
‘war / soldier’ |
99, 318 |
PTB |
| *s-lum ~ lim |
‘warm / make warm’ |
272 |
PTB |
| *s-lum ~ s-lim |
‘warm / make warm’ |
272, 275, 496 |
PTB |
| *tsəy² |
‘wash’ |
30, 189 |
PLB |
| *hur ~ hir |
‘wash’ |
397, 501 |
PTB |
| *krəw-t |
‘wash’ |
461 |
PTB |
| *m/b-s(y)il ~ m/b-syal |
‘wash / bathe’ |
409, 410, 413, 425, 508 |
PTB |
| *groːl |
‘wash / clean’ |
421 |
PTB |
| *ti(y) |
‘water’ |
193, 194, 471 |
PTB |
| *rəy |
‘water’ |
250 |
PTB |
| *rəy¹ |
‘water’ |
42, 43, 189, 213 |
PLB |
| *twəy ~ dwəy |
‘water / egg / spit’ |
195 |
PTB |
| *twəy-n |
‘water / river’ |
451 |
PTB |
| *m-ba |
‘wave (in water)’ |
174 |
PTB |
| *niŋ |
‘way / method / custom’ |
281 |
PTB |
| *gwa² |
‘wear’ |
25 |
PLB |
| *watL |
‘wear’ |
331 |
PLB |
| *w(y)a-t ~ wit |
‘wear / clothe’ |
333, 508 |
PTB |
| *s-g-w(y)a-n/t |
‘wear / clothe’ |
334, 335 |
PTB |
| *gwa-n ~ kwa-n |
‘wear / put on / clothe’ |
168, 172, 177, 259, 333, 334, 452 |
PTB |
| *kuk |
‘wear on head’ |
357 |
PTB |
| *tak ~ dak |
‘weave’ |
318, 328, 374 |
PTB |
| *rakL |
‘weave / drive / chase’ |
41, 42, 43, 61, 146, 315, 319 |
PLB |
| *sap |
‘wedge’ |
336, 342 |
PTB |
| *muːk |
‘weeds’ |
360 |
PTB |
| *krap |
‘weep’ |
137, 336, 339, 342 |
PTB |
| *ŋəw¹ |
‘weep’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *ŋəw |
‘weep’ |
185 |
PTB |
| *kuːk |
‘weep / wail’ |
363 |
PTB |
| *kyiːn¹ |
‘weigh’ |
27, 249 |
PLB |
| *kyiːn |
‘weigh’ |
277 |
PTB |
| *dwaŋ² |
‘well (for water)’ |
249 |
PLB |
| *s-nyak |
‘wet’ |
323, 374 |
PTB |
| *hus |
‘wet / dew’ |
435 |
PTB |
| *m-ti-s |
‘wet / soak’ |
434, 351 |
PTB |
| *ba-y |
‘what’ |
488 |
PTB |
| *ma-y |
‘what’ |
488 |
PTB |
| *ka-y |
‘which / like / deictic’ |
488 |
PTB |
| *kaŋ |
‘which / like / deictic’ |
488 |
PTB |
| *waːy |
‘whirl / brandish / wave (v.)’ |
210 |
PTB |
| *syip ~ syup |
‘whisper’ |
356 |
PTB |
| *sit |
‘whistle’ |
349 |
PTB |
| *hyu ~ huy |
‘whistle’ |
65 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ditL |
‘whistle / trill’ |
349 |
PLB |
| *bok |
‘white’ |
378 |
PTB |
| *plu |
‘white / silver / money’ |
71, 184 |
PTB |
| *plu¹ |
‘white / silver / money’ |
74, 180 |
PLB |
| *b-wa |
‘white / yellow’ |
429 |
PTB |
| *hwaːr ~ yar |
‘white / yellow / bright / shine’ |
429 |
PTB |
| *su¹ |
‘who / remote 3rd person pronoun’ |
3, 180 |
PLB |
| *glay |
‘wide / apart’ |
221 |
PTB |
| *tšəw² |
‘widow’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *broŋ |
‘wild yak / buffalo’ |
294 |
PTB |
| *glaŋ |
‘willow / poplar’ |
304 |
PTB |
| *bat |
‘wind around’ |
330 |
PTB |
| *s/ʔ-ləy¹ |
‘wind (n.)’ |
39 |
PLB |
| *g-ləy |
‘wind (n.)’ |
50, 134, 192, 194, 247 |
PTB |
| *buŋ |
‘wind (n.)’ |
531 |
PTB |
| *duŋ¹ |
‘wing’ |
19 |
PLB |
| *duŋ |
‘wing’ |
285 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-ra¹ |
‘winnow’ |
163 |
PLB |
| *sutH ~ sitH |
‘wipe / sweep’ |
315, 502 |
PLB |
| *sut ~ sit |
‘wipe / sweep’ |
366, 502 |
PTB |
| *s-nəw² |
‘wither’ |
182 |
PLB |
| *hwaːy |
‘wither / fade’ |
214 |
PTB |
| *raw |
‘withered / residue / corpse’ |
225 |
PTB |
| *nya |
‘woman’ |
173 |
PTB |
| *mow |
‘woman / female relative’ |
223, 227 |
PTB |
| *pru(w) |
‘womb’ |
199 |
PTB |
| *s-not ~ s-nut |
‘womb / mouth / vessel’ |
381 |
PTB |
| *s-lam |
‘womb / placenta’ |
250 |
PTB |
| *glaŋ ~ klaŋ |
‘word / language / speech / sound’ |
267 |
PTB |
| *ka |
‘word / speech / language’ |
174 |
PTB |
| *mow |
‘work / move’ |
224 |
PTB |
| *di¹ |
‘worm’ |
188 |
PLB |
| *zril |
‘worm’ |
78, 79, 188, 388, 410, 412, 425 |
PTB |
| *r-ma-t |
‘wound / injured’ |
81, 127, 334, 461 |
PTB |
| *pun |
‘wrap / cover / wear’ |
495 |
PTB |
| *tip ~ tup ~ tum |
‘wrap up’ |
354, 370, 497, 517 |
PTB |
| *(t)syip ~ (t)syup |
‘wring / crumple’ |
371, 498 |
PTB |
| *tsyir ~ tsyuːr |
‘wring / squeeze’ |
397, 426, 498 |
PTB |
| *dwan ~ twan |
‘wrinkle / shrink’ |
258 |
PTB |
| *rəy¹/³ |
‘write / count’ |
43 |
PLB |
| *m-n(w)ay |
‘yam’ |
215, 217 |
PTB |
| *kywəy |
‘yam’ |
66, 195 |
PTB |
| *s-r(y)a |
‘yam / potato’ |
78, 173 |
PTB |
| *s-ni(ː)ŋ ~ s-nik |
‘year’ |
282, 283, 475, 524, 528 |
PTB |
| *nyey |
‘younger sibling’ |
206 |
PTB |
| *doy |
‘younger sibling’ |
221, 228 |
PTB |
| *toy |
‘younger sibling’ |
221, 228 |
PTB |
| *naːw |
‘younger sibling’ |
225, 226 |
PTB |
| *ʔ-lakL |
‘youth (youngster)’ |
53 |
PLB |
| *m-day³ |
‘zone / expanse of territory’ |
211 |
PLB |